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Lampreys are jawless vertebrates that can offer unique insights into vertebrate evolution. Here they generate a comprehensive cell atlas of the lamprey, uncovering 70 distinct cell types across 14 tissues, and identify pancreas-like cells in the lamprey small intestine.

Tear secretion from lacrimal gland is essential for ocular health, but the regulatory role of sympathetic nervous system is unclear. The authors show that sympathetic activation suppresses lacrimal tear secretion and aggravates dry eye disease via NA–Adra1a–Ucp2 signaling.

The first outbreaks of mpox outside Africa in 2022 were caused by clade II but cases of a new clade Ib have been increasing in the Democratic Republic of Congo and neighbouring countries since 2024. Here, the authors describe a case report and public health investigation of the first detected case of mpox clade Ib in China.

Adult zebrafish possess the ability to regenerate injured hearts through a complex orchestration of molecular and cellular activities. Here, the authors present a single cell and spatially-resolved atlas of the regenerating zebrafish heart, which serves as a valuable resource for research on heart regeneration.

Human vesicular polyamine transporter underpins learning and memory formation by loading polyamines into secretory vesicles. Here, the authors decipher the transporter structure and suggest an antiport mechanism involving both direct and indirect competition between protons and polyamine.

3D photonic crystals go axion insulators. Here, the authors utilize antiferromagnetic arrays to create novel 3D photonic axion insulators in microwave bands, directly observing closed, nonreciprocal, and non-coplanar chiral loops for hinge transport.

Chen et al. present a deep learning-based lead optimization model that combines generative artificial intelligence with structure-based approaches. The method is successfully applied to the design of drug-like molecules targeting the recently identified LTK protein target with high potency and selectivity.

Honeybee behavioral plasticity provides a model to study how brain gene networks regulate behavior. Here, authors show stripe activation in Kenyon cells links gene regulatory networks to behavioral maturation via spatial-cellular coordination.

The oxygen evolution reaction is crucial for renewable energy technologies but limited by low activity. Here, authors show that high-entropy alloys can enhance the oxygen evolution reaction by activating the lattice oxygen mechanism through multi-path electron transfer, particularly in nickel.

Metastasis-associated recurrence is a major cause of poor prognosis in hepatocellular carcinoma. Here, the authors show that expression of choroideremia-like (CHML) is elevated and associates with poor prognosis in hepatocellular carcinoma, and mechanistically CHML promotes metastasis in a Rab14-dependent manner.

Spatiotemporal phase evolution during transformations impacts materials performance in many systems. Here the authors use lithium iron phosphate particles inside a custom-designed battery to characterize in three dimensions the two-phase configuration at various states of charge via X-ray tomography.

A study finds that RUVBL2 is a conserved component of eukaryotic circadian clocks and suggests that slow ATPase activity, which was initially discovered in cyanobacteria, is a shared feature of eukaryotic clocks.

Methods for enzymatic C–F bond formation are rare. Now an enzymatic method for enantioselective C(sp³)–F bond formation is reported, through reprogramming non-haem iron enzyme (S)-2-hydroxypropylphosphonate epoxidase. Mechanistic studies reveal that the process proceeds through an iron-mediated radical fluorine transfer process.

Early-stage liver metastasis of pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) makes radical surgery not efficacious. Here, the authors show that MLKL-driven necroptosis contributes to PDAC early-stage metastasis by inducing tumour CD47 upregulation and macrophage extracellular traps formation.

The conductance of single-molecule junctions is affected by the structure of the molecule and how it is bound to the electrodes, which may be examined using Raman spectroscopy. Liuet al. have developed 'fishing-mode' tip-enhanced Raman spectroscopy, which allows the simultaneous determination of conductance and Raman spectra.

Traditional electrorefining process is limited by deposition potential of the metal itself. Here, the authors explore an in-situ anodic precipitation process based on different solubility of target metal chlorides that can efficiently separate components of aluminum alloys.

Moiré quasicrystals exhibit many exotic phenomena. Here, the authors report an acoustic moiré quasicrystal that not only achieves a localization-delocalization transition, but also enables wave propagation shifting from diffusion to canalization or localization.

Here authors show that EVs derived from hepatocellular carcinomas may contain the long noncoding RNA, HDAC2-AS2, which suppresses antitumour CD8 + T cells by interfering with transcriptional and epigenetic regulation of their activated, cytotoxic functional state.

Although topological confinement of waves to the edges is common, lower-dimensional wave confinement is scarce. Here, Li et al. demonstrate that concurrent wavevector and real-space topology can lead to a topologically protected zero-dimensional cavity mode in a two-dimensional photonic crystal.

Through surveying 808 angiosperm genomes, this study reveals that the two-tiered plant immune receptor repertoires display hierarchically adaptive reduction during plant adaptation to special lifestyles or habitats with low pathogen burdens.

Decentralized management of distributed energy sources for lower energy costs is of high interest. Here, authors show how privacy and security concerns are addressed under a decentralization framework through blockchain and parallelizable algorithms.

Interfacial water consists of hydrogen-bonded water and Na·H₂O, its structure changes at hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) potentials, and when structurally ordered it aids interfacial electron transfer, resulting in higher HER rates.

Solid-state cooling technology based on electrocaloric materials shows promising potential for addressing electronic overheating challenges. Here, the authors employ two-dimensional polyamide to enhance the electrocaloric cooling performance by reducing intermolecular interactions and facilitating electrocaloric phase transitions thereby, offering insights into the application of spatially confined materials in flexible electronics.

Oxygen evolution is a key reaction in electrolysers and involves a spin-dependent, multi-electron transfer process. Here the authors use topological semimetals with intrinsic chirality as a means to control spin in oxygen evolution catalysts, and explore the role of spin–orbit coupling in determining activity.

Tryptophan plays important biological roles in aromatic cages, such as methyllysine recognition, but the development of site-selective crosslinking to tryptophan is challenging. Now sulfonium can be used as a methyllysine mimic that binds to reader proteins and crosslinks tryptophan inside a pocket through single-electron transfer. This strategy enables the identification of methyllysine readers from the proteome.

In this triple-arm, placebo-controlled phase 3 trial, first-line treatment of patients with extensive-stage small-cell lung cancer with the anti-PD-L1 benmelstobart, tyrosine kinase inhibitor anlotinib and chemotherapy (CT) showed improved survival outcomes compared with anlotinib and CT or CT alone.

Analysis of tumor samples from patients with nasopharyngeal carcinoma shows that gemcitabine plus cisplatin chemotherapy activates a unique population of innate-like B cells, which enhance the cytotoxic CD8⁺ T cell response and are associated with better clinical outcomes.

Flat bands have empowered novel phenomena such as canalization, high-collimation and low-loss propagation. Here, the authors propose the concept of symmetry broken moiré systems, which overcomes the limitations of fixed flat bands, enabling multiple and unidirectional canalizations.

The current throughput of conventional organic chemical synthesis is usually a few experiments for each operator per day. Here the authors develop a robotic system for ultra-high-throughput chemical synthesis, online characterization and large-scale condition screening of photocatalytic reactions.

The rise of large language model (LLM) technology offers new opportunities for advancing chemical synthesis. Here, the authors developed an LLM-based reaction development framework (LLM-RDF) to copilot the design and experimental tasks throughout the end-to-end chemical synthesis development.

Phylogenomic analysis of 7,923 angiosperm species using a standardized set of 353 nuclear genes produced an angiosperm tree of life dated with 200 fossil calibrations, providing key insights into evolutionary relationships and diversification.

Ferroptosis plays an important role in response to radiotherapy and chemotherapy, however, the sensitivity of cancer cell to ferroptosis varies. Here, the authors show that ODC1-mediated polyamine synthesis induces ferroptosis and demonstrate the potential of targeting this axis by combining polyamine supplements with radiotherapy or chemotherapy in preclinical lung cancer models.

Monitoring patients for the recurrence of cancer can be costly and it is important to devise the optimum strategy for a given cancer and population. Here, the authors use nasopharyngeal cancer as a model and show using patient data an optimal follow-up schedule to detect recurrence of the cancer.

High-phase-purity and stable 1T′-transition metal dichalcogenide monolayers are grown on 4H-Au nanowires by a facile and rapid wet-chemical method, enabling ultrasensitive surface-enhanced Raman scattering detection.

Proof-of-principle photonic quantum simulations of molecular vibronic spectra have been realised, but scalability to more complex systems is hindered by the difficulties in generating squeezed coherent states with multiple modes. Here, the authors demonstrate an alternative approach relying on vacuum-squeezed state.

Lymphocyte subsets remain inadequately understood in jawless vertebrates, relative to jawed vertebrates. In this study, the authors combine single-cell RNA and whole-transcriptome sequencing to demonstrate that the lamprey, Lampreta morii, harbours specialised T-like cells that are distinct from those found in jawed vertebrates.

Both cartilaginous and bony fishes have adaptive immune cells, but the evolutionary features of these diverse cell populations remain understudied. Here the authors report single-cell RNA sequencing atlas of both species to define these features and to find reduced evolutionary diversification of immune cells in cartilaginous fishes.

Non-pharmaceutical interventions implemented to mitigate COVID-19 transmission are likely to have impacted spread of other infectious diseases. Here, the authors investigate changes in the incidence of 31 notifiable infectious diseases using surveillance data from China.