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Stem cell therapies face immune rejection risks with allogeneic ESCs. Here, the authors establish genetically matched autologous ESCs in monkeys via embryo splitting, showing potentially superior genomic stability over iPSCs and ntESCs.

Ouyang et al. present LassoPred, a computational tool to accurately predicts the 3D structure of lasso peptides and offers an accessible online prediction tool to the scientific community.

Complex traits present challenges for gene mapping and molecular characterization. Here, the authors develop a 16-generation intercross line of chickens to explore the genetic architecture of complex traits in chicken.

Yang et al. report a flexible polarization-sensitive optoelectronic synapse array based on oriented and anisotropic PEA₂SnI₄ nanowires. 16 encoded states are employed for in-sensor reservoir computing to enable 100% accuracy in dynamic trace extraction under complex light conditions.

‘Small cell lung cancers do not respond well to immune checkpoint blockade therapy, due to the poor recruitment of CD8 + T cells to the tumours. Here authors show that via combining radiotherapy, PARP inhibitors and anti-PD-L1 treatments, T cell infiltration and function could be improved via mechanisms that increase the chemo-attractants CCL5 and CXCL10.

Lan et al. demonstrate the high performance of plasma p-tau217 in detecting and tracking multiple aspects of Alzheimer’s disease pathology, outperforming other plasma tau biomarkers across two Chinese cohorts (GHABS and Huashan) and the North American ADNI cohort.

DeepRETStroke is a deep learning system using retinal photographs to detect silent brain infarction and predict future stroke events.

An RNA codon-expansion strategy enables incorporation of non-canonical amino acids into proteins of interest orthogonally to existing methods by inserting pseudouridine codons into specific mRNA transcripts and using an engineered decoder tRNA.

The small nuclear GTPase Ran controls the directionality of macromolecular transport between the nucleus and the cytoplasm. Ran also has important roles during mitosis and directs nuclear-envelope dynamics, assembly of the mitotic spindle and the timing of cell-cycle transitions.

Analysis of ancient DNA, stable isotope data and archaeological evidence from the Fujia archaeological site in eastern China suggests it was populated by a matrilineal Neolithic community between 2750 and 2500 bc.

The H9N2 avian influenza viruses (AIVs) remain dominant in live poultry markets in China, and H9N2 AIVs with HA-Q226L, PB2-V/K627 and NP-N52 mutations can be transmitted between guinea pigs and between ferrets via direct contact and respiratory droplet.

Fang and colleagues revealed cryo-electron microscopy structures of human THIK1, identifying two inner gates and a C-type selectivity filter gate, distinct from other two-pore-___domain potassium channels. Their findings uncover the channel gating mechanism, offering insights for developing THIK1-targeted neurotherapeutics.

Major Depressive Disorder (MDD) is a heritable psychiatric disorder whose biological basis remains poorly understood. This large-scale postmortem brain study identified extensive gene expression changes associated with genetic risk, highlighting disrupted glutamatergic signaling and synaptic vesicle function in MDD.

Lysosomal function depends upon calcium homeostasis. Here, using a novel sensor for perilysosomal pH and lysosomal proton efflux, Chen et al. identify lysosomal TMEM165 as a mediator of the calcium-activated lysosomal proton leak.

Broad and potent neutralizing antibodies to SARS-CoV-2 variants can be efficiently identified via accurate deep-mutational-scanning-based prediction of viral evolution and delivered to mice using mRNA–lipid nanoparticles.

A consensus cell type atlas for the fly brain provides both an intellectual framework and open-source toolchains for brain-scale comparative connectomics.

Amyloid fibrils assembled by an alternating lysine/phenylalanine peptide exhibit remarkable catalytic properties for β-lactam antibiotic hydrolysis. Specifically, the fibrils adopt coiled-coil structure underscoring an allosteric catalytic mechanism.

Gomez et al. show that boosting angiotensin-converting enzyme expression in microglia promotes phagocytic clearance of Aβ and endolysosomal trafficking, driven by spleen tyrosine kinase signaling in the 5xFAD transgenic model of Alzheimer’s disease.

Glioma stem-like cells (GSCs) contribute to therapeutic resistance via enhanced capability of DNA damage repair. Here the authors identify that the upregulated transcription factor AATF in GSCs modulates the stability and release of XRCC4 protein to promote DNA repair and resistance to radiotherapy.

The MmpL5/MmpS5 efflux system is crucial for drug extrusion and siderophore export in M. tuberculosis. Here, the authors report its high-resolution cryo-EM structures, revealing a unique trimeric assembly and a flexible extracellular stalk.

Infective endocarditis lacks biomarkers for early diagnosis and personalized care. Here, the authors show proteomic characteristics of plasma and vegetation linked to disease progression, identifying diagnostic and prognostic biomarkers like LRG1 and ADIPOQ, and therapeutic targets like neutrophil traps.

Rising global military spending significantly increases CO₂ emission intensity, potentially jeopardizing the 1.5 °C and 2 °C climate targets if military expenditure ratio exceeds critical thresholds.

A nanobody was identified that targets the N-terminal fragment of the adhesion G-protein-coupled receptor ADGRG2, allosterically enhances activation by the natural agonist dehydroepiandrosterone and restores signaling in mutant receptors.

Chirality-induced quantum non-reciprocity of cross-channel correlations is demonstrated in a rubidium vapour system by flipping the flow direction of one of the circularly polarized laser beams. It can be extended to multicolour sidebands with Floquet engineering.

Diffusion models have shown promise in content generation, however, like many forms of generative AI, this comes with high computation cost, exacerbated by standard von Neuman computing architectures. Here, Cheng et al present a magnetoelectric memory for in-memory computing and demonstrate diffusion-based image generation on an 80×80 array.

The MICrONS mouse visual cortex dataset shows that neurons with similar response properties preferentially connect, a pattern that emerges within and across brain areas and layers, and independently emerges in artificial neural networks where these ‘like-to-like’ connections prove important for task performance.

Here the authors uncover an epigenetic mechanism regulating pancreatic β-cell adaptation during pregnancy in mice involving ACSS2 and STAT3 coordinated histone acetylation. These findings provide clues into gestational diabetes mechanisms and potential therapeutic targets.

Excitatory neurons in the neocortex exhibit considerable morphological diversity, yet their organizational principles remain a subject of ongoing research. Here, the authors use unsupervised learning to show that most excitatory neuron morphologies in the mouse visual cortex form a continuum, with notable exceptions in deeper layers.

Structure–activity cliffs and property uncertainties raise drug development costs. Here, authors propose a deep learning model capturing key functional groups tied to activity, offering insights into quantitative structure–activity relationships.

Kitaev interactions on a honeycomb lattice can potentially lead to a quantum spin liquid state. Unfortunately, materials hosting Kitaev interactions also host Heisenberg interactions favouring long range order. Here, Sakrikar, Shen, Poldi and coauthors find that the relative strength of the Heisenberg and Kitaev interactions can be tuned by pressure in Ag₃LiRh₂O₆.

Here, Ying Li et al. present the results of a randomized controlled feeding trial in prediabetes participants, finding that advancing timing of unsaturated fat (USFA) intake improves insulin sensitivity through the gut microbiome and bile acid metabolism, regardless of USFA type.

Using volumetric electron microscopy, the authors map and analyze the structure of cortical inhibition with synaptic resolution across a column of visual cortex.

California’s current water crisis offers a preview of what climate change will bring.

The direct electro-reduction of diluted CO₂ in acidic media can circumvent CO₂ purification and reduce carbon loss. Here, the authors use an ionomer coating layer to enrich the diluted CO₂ and block proton transport, thereby achieving high carbon utilization in diluted CO₂ in an acidic electrolyte.

Wang, Wang, Pan and colleagues uncover a C864–C869 disulfide linkage stimulated by viral RNA that drives RIG-I activation, phase separation and stimulates downstream innate immune signalling.

A study introduces AI²BMD, an artificial intelligence-based dynamics simulation program that uses protein fragmentation with a machine learning force field to accurately and efficiently model the folding and unfolding of large proteins.

DNA damage in renal proximal tubular epithelial cells may lead to impaired kidney function but the biological processes contributing to this functional decline are incompletely understood. Here, the authors show that DNA double-strand breaks in these renal epithelial cells alter the epigenetic landscape of myeloid cells in the kidney and peripheral blood, which in turn induces systemic metabolic changes and reinforces the metabolic vicious circle.

A machine learning-assisted framework validated using 1068 sludge samples from 177 biological wastewater treatment processes across China, enabled in situ synthesis of microbiomes with abundant functional species capable of degrading emerging contaminants such as sulfamethoxazole.

The difluoromethyl group is a crucial fluorinated moiety, and the synthesis of chiral CF₂H-containing analogs is a powerful strategy in drug design and screening. Here, the authors report a strategy for the asymmetric construction of carbon stereocenters featuring a difluoromethyl group via nickel-catalyzed Negishi cross-coupling.

After assaying the cognitive ability of juvenile pheasants and releasing them into a new landscape, the authors show that pheasants with better memory developed larger home range sizes and more successfully avoided predation at the edges of the home range.

To function in the real world, autonomous robots will have to respond to unanticipated situations. A vision-language-model-based approach is proposed to solve long-horizon robotic tasks, which can adapt to a dynamic environment.

This study highlights the role Polar regions as a limiting factor in global sustainability due to teleconnection effects, and then propose a SDG target, key indicators, and emphasize Indigenous inclusion and global action.

Functional role of the cerebellum in motor adaptation is not fully understood. The authors show that cerebellar signals act as low-dimensional feedback which constrains the structure of the preparatory motor cortical manifold, thereby promoting adaptation and generalization.