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Wang et al. present a single-component n-type optoelectrochemical synapse that enables current modulation in response to electrical and optical stimuli. This is used for multispectral sensing, synaptic plasticity, memory, image recognition, and motion detection, for bio-inspired optoelectronic applications.

Many phototransistors are multi-component systems with inorganic materials or involve faradaic processes that can be irreversible. Using a single photoactive polymer, Druet et al. report a reversible, water-compatible n-type photoelectrochemical transistor with potentiometric photodetection and current modulation.

The translation of transistor-based sensor technologies is limited by unreliable potentiometric sensing. Here, the authors propose a transistor configuration that eliminates the measurement inaccuracies associated with electrochemical transistor-based potentiometric sensors.

An electromechanical chip consisting of self-assembled DNA-based cantilevers immobilized on a liquid-gated graphene field-effect transistor can be configured to rapidly detect ultra-low concentrations of biomolecules, including viral nucleic acids, in biological fluids.

Organic electrochemical transistors functionalized with antigen-specific nanobodies can rapidly detect attomolar-to-nanomolar levels of the antigens in complex bodily fluids.

Improving electron transport and stability of n-type organic electrochemical transistors (OECTs) is required to realize a commercially-viable technology for bioelectronics applications. Here, the authors report water-stable doped n-type OECTs with enhanced transconductance and record stability.

Organic materials that support both electronic and ionic transport hold promise for applications in bioelectronics and energy storage. Here, Inal et al. use transistors to quantify the materials performance of organic mixed conductors in terms of the product of charge mobility and volumetric capacitance.

An n-type semiconducting polymer is used to realize an organic electrochemical transistor working as a glucose sensor and an all-polymer enzymatic biofuel cell able to power the sensor itself.

Organic neural implants hold considerable promise for biocompatible neural interfaces. Here, the authors employ polymer-based organic electrochemical diodes and transistors to develop neuron-sized complex circuits, enabling multiplexing without crosstalk and demonstrate that, when integrated onto ultra-thin plastic, these circuits achieve high performance while maintaining minimal invasiveness.

The organic electrochemical transistor stands out as a tool for constructing powerful biosensors owing to its high signal transduction ability and adaptability to various geometrical forms. However, the performance of organic electrochemical transistors relies on stable and seamless interfaces with biological systems. This Review examines strategies to improve and optimize interfaces between organic electrochemical transistors and various biological components.

Organic electrochemical transistors transduce ionic to electronic signals in aqueous solutions, holding promise for biological sensing applications. Here, Giovannitti et al. report an ambipolar organic electrochemical transistor, based on a conjugated copolymer, which has a high stability in water.

Conducting polymers are promising materials for applications including bioelectronics and soft robotics, but little is known about how morphology affects mixed conduction. Here, the authors show how bulk ionic/electronic transport is affected by changes in nano- and meso-scale structure in PEDOT:PSS films.

The organic electrochemical transistor (OECT), with its organic mixed ionic–electronic conductor (OMIEC) channel, serves as an amplifying transducer of biological signals. This Review highlights OMIEC design milestones and illustrates how incorporating specific properties into OMIECs can extend OECT applications beyond biosensing.

Organic electrochemical transistors (OECTs) function as a result of ion injection from electrolytes into organic semiconductors. In this Review, the authors discuss OECT physics, organic materials and fabrication technologies, and the application of OECTs in circuits, bioelectronics and memory devices.