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Legionella effector LnaB, a recently identified actin-activated AMPylase, mediates phosphoryl-AMPylation in a yet-unknown manner. Here the authors unveil a two-step catalytic process involving dual ATPase–AMPylase activity based on structural studies, providing a biochemical basis for AMPylation.

Dendritic cell-based therapies have been exploited as immunotherapeutic approaches for cancer treatment. Here the authors report a platform integrating antigen-capturing nanoparticles and type 1 conventional dendritic cells for in situ cancer immunization, promoting anti-tumor immunity in preclinical models.

While Bell inequalities have been violated several times—mostly in photonic systems—their violations within particle physics experiments are less explored. Here, the BESIII Collaboration showcases Bell-violating nonlocal correlations between entangled hyperon pairs.

Using two cohorts, Liu, Ge, Xiao, Lu and colleagues perform plasma metabolomics and lipidomics, linking reduced sarcosine to sarcopenia diagnosis. In mice, they demonstrate that sarcosine enhances muscle repair, boosts adipose thermogenesis and preserves muscle mass via macrophage modulation.

Gloeobacter diverged from other lineages early in cyanobacterial evolution, preferentially growing under low light intensity conditions. Here, the authors describe cryo-EM structures of PBSs from G. violaceus cells cultured under low or moderate light intensity.

Pathological neural communication drives the spread of the epileptic network and contributes to memory impairment in focal epilepsy. The authors show that closed-loop electrical stimulation in rodents can prevent this interaction and preserve long-term memory.

Preliminary results from a phase 2a trial involving 71 patients suggest that a new agent, discovered and designed with artificial intelligence assistance, is safe and effective for the treatment of idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis.

DeepRETStroke is a deep learning system using retinal photographs to detect silent brain infarction and predict future stroke events.

Global consumption drives freshwater overuse at production sites along supply chains, of which 24% is outsourced via trade. Agricultural demand is a key driver, while manufacturing exports exacerbate water stress in emerging economies.

Zhao et al. show that Akt-mediated phosphorylation of ubiquitin-fold modifier 1 (UFM1)-specific E3 ligase 1 (UFL1) catalyzes the UFMylation of ArpC4, a core subunit of actin-related proteins 2 and 3. Through ArpC4 UFMylation, UFL1 promotes lamellipodia formation and enhances cell migration, invasion and metastasis.

The oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) is limited by the scaling relationship in the conventional oxygen associative pathway. In this study, single p-block atoms and interstitial H are incorporated into Pd metallenes favoring the direct dissociation mechanism, leading to high alkaline ORR performance.

The H9N2 avian influenza viruses (AIVs) remain dominant in live poultry markets in China, and H9N2 AIVs with HA-Q226L, PB2-V/K627 and NP-N52 mutations can be transmitted between guinea pigs and between ferrets via direct contact and respiratory droplet.

The Crabtree effect affects yeast-based bioproduction. Here, the authors report the development of a Crabtree-negative yeast through introducing the sucrose phosphorolysis pathway, deletion of the phosphoglucose isomerase gene PGI1, and engineering a synthetic energy system to regulate NADH/NAD⁺ ratio.

Photosynthesis reaction centre barrel proteins are important components of the FtsZ-based cell division apparatus in Haloferax volcanii and other archaea.

The high performance of two-dimensional (2D) channel membranes is generally achieved by preparing ultrathin or forming short channels with less tortuous transport through self-assembly of small flakes. Here, the authors report the construction of vertical channels in graphene oxide membranes based on a substrate template with asymmetric pores demonstrating high flux and metal ion rejection.

Evidence for the treatment of patients with mild-to-moderate COPD is limited. Here, the authors show that long-term treatment with high-dose N-acetylcysteine neither significantly reduced the annual rate of total exacerbations nor improve lung function in patients with mild-tomoderate COPD.

The prevalence of mutations that can predispose to pancreatic adenocarcinoma (PDAC) remains unclear, especially in underrepresented populations. Here, the authors create a germline mutation map of 1,123 Chinese PDAC patients and compare them to cohorts from other populations, finding CFTR as a potential driver.

The semileptonic decay channels of the Λc baryon can give important insights into weak interaction, but decay into a neutron, positron and electron neutrino has not been reported so far, due to difficulties in the final products’ identification. Here, the BESIII Collaboration reports its observation in e+e- collision data, exploiting machine-learning-based identification techniques.

A gene-edited pig liver transplanted into a human recipient remains functional after 10 days and indicates that porcine organs could help meet the growing demand for liver transplants.

Whether hippocampal place cells are unique in their representation of spatial information utilized during body navigation remains unknown. Here authors report monkey cells in the premotor cortex exhibit similar position fields which encode hand position during a reaching task.

Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is a fatal disease characterized by rapid motor neuron (MN) degeneration, with unclear causes in sporadic cases. Here, the authors showed that N6-methyladenosine (m6A) RNA modification drives ALS, and restoring it may protect MNs and lessen motor issues.

Chen, Hu, Zhao, Fang and colleagues show that the ribosomal large subunit protein Rpl12 functions as a conserved ribophagy receptor in multiple organisms.

A connectome of the right optic lobe from a male fruitfly is presented together with an extensive collection of genetic drivers matched to a comprehensive neuron-type catalogue.

The molecular mechanisms underlying the function of different cellular states in glioblastoma stem cells (GSCs) remain poorly understood. Here, the authors perform integrated single cell and bulk analysis of GSCs and identify potential therapeutic targets.

Brain structural traits are highly heritable and have been linked to disease. Here the authors have used gene expression data to perform a transcriptome-wide association study on 211 brain structural traits, discovering 273 associated genes.

BHLHE40 promotes allergic asthma progression in mice via NRTN downregulation in macrophages, revealing a novel pathway in immune regulation.

This study presents BOOST, a rapid and robust expansion microscopy workflow using microwave-accelerated chemistry to achieve a single-step 10-fold expansion of cells, tissue sections, and FFPE sections. The workflow enables high-resolution visualisation of biological structures and is adaptable for broad applications.

Here, authors show the behavioral function of two transcriptomic GABAergic neuron subtypes in the zona incerta by integrating single-nucleus sequencing, circuit mapping, and optogenetics, advancing our understanding of functional brain organization.

In a prespecified interim analysis of the randomized, double-blind phase 3 COMPASSION-15 trial, patients with advanced HER2-negative gastric/GEJ cancer treated with the anti-PD-L1/CTLA-4 bispecific Ab cadonilimab plus chemotherapy showed significantly improved overall survival compared with patients treated with placebo plus chemotherapy as first-line treatment.

In China, about 10 percent of industrial sectors are the least efficient water users across 343 prefectures, and water savings opportunities exist in agriculture, the clothing and chemical industry, according to an analysis that uses water withdrawal data.

Investigating the inner structure of baryons is important to further our understanding of the strong interaction. Here, the BESIII Collaboration extracts the absolute value of the ratio of the electric to magnetic form factors and its relative phase for e + e − → J/ψ → ΛΣ decays, enhancing the signal thanks to the vacuum polarisation effect at the J/ψ peak.

Single-atom Fe–N–C catalysts are the most promising alternative to Pt-group metal catalysts for the cathodic oxygen reduction reaction in fuel cells, but while the chemical environment of their active centres is well understood, their electronic structure remains elusive. Now, using molecular model catalysts, a high-spin trivalent FeN₄ site with an axial hydroxyl ligand is identified as the active site in Fe–N–C catalysts.

This study provides a de novo resequencing of 802 Camellia accessions and a genome-wide variation map. Genome-wide association study (GWAS) and metabolite GWAS identify genes responsible for crucial agronomic and flavor traits.

Fine turning the local configuration of single atoms into substrate is challenging. Here, the authors report that burying single atoms into subsurface lattice of substrate can stimulate more surficial active sites and thus promote the overall catalytic performance in methanol electrooxidation.

Testicular aging affects male reproductive health. Here, the authors show that impaired ketogenesis in Leydig cells drives testicular aging, and boosting ketogenesis or supplementing with the ketone body BHB can help mitigate testicular aging.

Spin-split bands and certain lattice symmetries are required to generate the spin currents needed for spintronics applications. Now a layered room-temperature antiferromagnet is shown to exhibit anisotropic spin splitting between valleys paired by a crystal symmetry.

The efficacy of cancer immunotherapy relies on the sufficient functional immune cells recruited. Here this group designs an abemaciclib-loaded supramolecular peptide hydrogel achieving sustained release after intratumoral injection to effectively induce cancer cell death and increase IL-2 secretion, thereby exerting immunotherapy for triple-negative breast cancer.

Orthogonal acute inducible degradation cell lines are used to delineate the mechanisms of how extrusive cohesin, cohesive cohesin and condensin interact to remodel chromosome architecture from interphase to mitosis.

Oligodendrocyte precursor cells (OPCs) play a multifaceted role in the brain. Here, the authors show that OPCs regulate neuronal metabolism by forming contacts with neuronal somata, facilitating lysosomal release from neurons.

LAPTM4A deficiency impedes M2 polarization of tumor-associated macrophages in glioblastoma, enhancing immune activation and improving the efficacy of anti-PD1 therapy, offering potential therapeutic targets for glioma treatment.

The gut commensal Christensenalla minuta produces a previously undescribed class of secondary bile acids that counteract features of metabolic disease and are depleted in patients with type 2 diabetes.