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Systematic analysis from the Global Burden of Disease study reported that, despite global improvements from 1990 to 2021, dietary iron deficiency-associated disease burden remains high in women, children and residents in low socio-demographic index countries.

The role of nicotinic acetylcholine receptors in human cortical development remains largely unexplored. Here authors investigate CHRNA7 and CHRFAM7A, uncovering their involvement in radial glial cell proliferation and neuronal differentiation, and identify YAP1 as a downstream effector of cholinergic signaling.

Trained on large and multicenter datasets with different imaging modalities, a foundation model is shown to have strong performance on the full spectrum of clinically relevant tasks and to increase user accuracy in diagnostic tasks.

How synovial fibroblasts activate cartilage degradation in arthritis is not well understood. Here, the authors identify an O-glycosylation program and glycosylated Calnexin in synovium’s edge fibroblasts as drivers of extracellular matrix degradation, highlighting potential therapeutic targets.

The Somatic Mosaicism across Human Tissues Network aims to create a reference catalogue of somatic mosaicism across different tissues and cells within individuals.

Greatly enhanced light absorption is reported in large perovskite quantum dots by realizing a transition with a giant oscillator strength at the optical bandgap.

In a post-hoc analysis of circulating tumor DNA (ctDNA) features from patients with metastatic prostate cancer treated with [¹⁷⁷Lu]Lu–PSMA-617 or cabazitaxel in the randomized phase 2 TheraP trial, low ctDNA levels at baseline were predictive of clinical benefit from [¹⁷⁷Lu]Lu–PSMA-617, and PTEN or ATM alterations were identified as potential biomarkers of response.

Agroforestry is a natural climate solution providing ecological and socio-economic benefits at local scales, however whether it reduces deforestation at landscape scale is still unclear. Authors use causal inference to examine the effects of agroforestry on deforestation across Southeast Asia.

Geospatial estimates of the prevalence of anemia in women of reproductive age across 82 low-income and middle-income countries reveals considerable heterogeneity and inequality at national and subnational levels, with few countries on track to meet the WHO Global Nutrition Targets by 2030.

Hypervirulent Klebsiella pneumoniae (hvKp) is a significant cause of severe community-acquired infection, primarily in Asia. Here, the authors characterise the genetic profile, phylogenetic structure, and plasmid features of hvKp in Vietnam.

A non-contact wearable device that defines and modulates a microclimate adjacent to the skin can measure incoming and outgoing streams of vapourized substances, offering valuable insights into physiological health, wound healing and environmental exposures.

The advantage of living in cities compared with rural areas with respect to height and BMI in children and adolescents has generally become smaller globally from 1990 to 2020, except in sub-Saharan Africa.

Peng et al. find that immunodominant cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTLs) specific for NP_105–113-B*07:02 are associated with reduced COVID-19 severity. Mechanistically, NP_105–113-B*07:02-specific CTLs show potent antiviral functionality and may represent rational T cell vaccine targets.

In this phase 2 basket trial, patients with heavily pretreated HER2-mutated metastatic breast cancer received the small-molecule HER2 inhibitor tucatinib and anti-HER2 trastuzumab, leading to encouraging clinical response rates.

Bhattacharjee and Schaeffer et al. map exclusive breastfeeding (EBF) in 94 low- and middle-income countries (LMICs), finding increased EBF practice and reduced subnational variation across the majority of LMICs from 2000 to 2018. However, only six LMICs will meet WHO’s target of ≥70% EBF by 2030 nationally, and only three will achieve this in all districts.

Joint analysis of multiple traits can increase power and provide insights into shared genetic architecture. Here, Nguyen et al. develop multi-trait TADA (mTADA), an extension of TADA (transmission and de novo association test) that jointly analyses de novo mutations of traits for improved risk-gene identification power.

A high-resolution, global atlas of mortality of children under five years of age between 2000 and 2017 highlights subnational geographical inequalities in the distribution, rates and absolute counts of child deaths by age.

Peesh et al. show that ischemic stroke reduces microbiota-derived and increases host-derived aryl (AHR) hydrocarbon ligands. Post-stroke treatment with indole-based AHR ligands improved microglia-mediated antigen processing and co-stimulatory immune functions.

Shen et al. report a method for multiplexing isogenic iPSCs for single-cell RNA-seq. With it, they created an atlas of in vitro differentiation and identified TMEM88 as a regulator of cardiovascular development, impacting blood pressure in adult mice.

The Asian black-spined toad is a widespread, poisonous, invasive amphibian. Here, the authors use genomic and DNA-barcoding data from this toad to document its complex evolutionary history, two distinct species, and potential historic dispersal assisted by humans.

Although progress in the coverage of routine measles vaccination in children in low- and middle-income countries was made during 2000–2019, many countries remain far from the goal of 80% coverage in all districts by 2019.

Oblique line scan microscopy achieves nanoscale spatial and sub-millisecond temporal resolution across a large field of view, enabling improved and robust single-molecule biophysical measurements and single-molecule tracking in both cells and solution.

Estimates from the Global Dietary Database indicated that 2.2 million new type 2 diabetes and 1.2 million new cardiovascular disease cases were attributable to sugar-sweetened beverages worldwide in 2020, with the highest burdens in sub-Saharan Africa, Latin America and the Caribbean.

Metagenomic next-generation sequencing has the potential to support diagnosis of unknown infections as it can identify all potential pathogens without requiring a prior suspected cause. Here, the authors develop and clinically validate a metagenomics-based assay for common and novel respiratory viral pathogens.

Martin Hibberd, Cameron Simmons and colleagues report a genome-wide association study for dengue shock syndrome, a severe complication of dengue, in pediatric cases and controls from Vietnam. They identify common variants at MICB within the broad MHC region on chromosome 6 and at PLCE1 on chromosome 10 associated with dengue shock syndrome in people with dengue.

Tan et al. identify a regulatory network between colonic EECs and the gut microbiota that controls l-glutamic acid production, appetite and body weight in mice.

The authors uncover one of the largest mitoribosomes, dedicated to translating only three proteins in lethal human eukaryotic pathogens of the Apicomplexa phylum. All members of mitochondrial DNA-containing Myzozoa, including Toxoplasma gondii, have commandeered three lineage-specific families of RNA-binding proteins to meticulously piece together over 40 mitochondrial rRNA fragments to build an operational mitoribosome.

Multi-ancestry genome-wide association analyses identify new risk loci for Parkinson’s disease, and fine-mapping and co-localization analyses implicate candidate genes whose expression is associated with disease susceptibility.

Tailored to provide diabetes management recommendations from large training and validation datasets, an artificial intelligence system integrating language and computer vision capabilities is shown to improve self-management of patients in a prospective implementation study.