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Maintaining proper reactive oxygen species (ROS) balance is critical for cellular and individual health, yet its dynamic nature encumbers monitoring and assessment. Here the authors propose a platform using mass cytometry-based detection, termed SN-ROP, to identify distinct ROS profiles associated with specific immune cell functions and disease states.

Caloric restriction promotes healthy aging, but dietary alternatives are needed. Here, the authors show that a high-fiber diet mimics caloric restriction’s benefits in mice, improving metabolism, cognition, and aging markers without reducing food intake.

Synaptic diversity in biological neural networks enables sophisticated learning capabilities missing in artificial networks. The authors implement three biologically inspired drop-in replacements enhancing learning performance across multiple network architectures.

Modifiers of diverse materials exhibit structures or compositions that differ from a solute molecule but often contain similar functional motifs that facilitate molecular recognition for modifier binding to crystal surfaces. Here the authors examine the intrinsic capability of tautomers, or structural isomers, to operate as crystal growth inhibitors.’

Uechi et al. found that a small-molecule lipoamide dissolves stress granules (SGs) by targeting SFPQ, a redox-sensitive disordered SG protein, alleviating pathological phenotypes caused by amyotrophic lateral sclerosis-associated FUS and TDP-43 mutants.

miRNAs play a crucial role in biological processes and their dysregulation is associated with many diseases and disorders. Here, the authors develop a method to manipulate miRNAs via RNA editing of their precursors and apply this method to program stem cell differentiation for bone tissue regeneration.

Wastewater treatment plants are important reservoirs of antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs). Here, the authors analyze ARGs in a global collection of samples from wastewater treatment plants across six continents, providing insights into biotic and abiotic mechanisms that appear to control ARG diversity and distribution.

The precise rule of replication origin selection and activation in metazoans remains unclear. Here, the authors identify NFIB as a genome organizer and replication pioneer by facilitating nucleosome remodeling and chromatin assembly of the pre-RC.

Tightly focused optical fields are essential in nano-optics, but lack tools for accurate yet efficient characterization. Here, the authors develop an in situ method to reconstruct the fully vectorial information of tightly focused fields in 3D space.

Biaryl compounds with an axial chirality are valuable architectures but few methods have been developed for the construction of bridged biaryls, a subclass of these compounds that bear a tether to connect the two arenes and form a medium-sized ring. Here, the authors design a Co/SPDO-catalyzed aerobic oxidative coupling/desymmetrization sequence of prochiral phenols for the enantioselective synthesis of biaxial bridged m-terphenyls embedded in an azocane.

Bass et al. and Haahr et al. now identify ETAA1 as a critical replication stress response factor that interacts with DNA damage response proteins and activates ATR to maintain genomic stability.

Lab experiments using liquid cultures or agar plates fail to capture the effects of physical confinement on bacteria. Here, Sreepadmanabh et al. use three-dimensional matrices to show that growth under confinement favours rod-shaped bacteria, which form elongated colonies with increased access to nutrients, as opposed to spherical bacteria that form compact, spherical colonies.

Achieving CO oxidation at room temperature is significant for gas purification but remains challenging to perform. Here, the authors report design of graphene-isolated Pt from cobalt-nickel nanoparticles for efficiently catalytic CO oxidation in an oxygen-rich atmosphere.

The mechanisms by which tillandsioids adapt to elevated aerial habitats remain largely unexplored. Here, the authors report their evolution and link life history, diversification, comparative genomic, and functional changes to processes underlying the unique biology of air plants.

A selective shielding strategy achieves the differentiation and quantification of distinct plasmonic photocatalytic mechanisms including hot carrier-driven photochemistry, resonant field-mediated energy transfers, and thermal contributions.

Using satellite observations, the authors show that the average tropical cyclone (TC) rain rate increases significantly with translation speed. On average, the rain rate of a fast-moving TC is about 24% higher than that of a slow one.

Cutaneous T cell lymphomas (CTCL) are still poorly characterised at the molecular and single-cell level. Here, the authors analyse CTCL patient samples using single-cell RNA-seq, TCR and whole-exome sequencing, revealing the molecular profiles of malignant T cells and their association with the microenvironment and clinical outcomes.

A vacuum ultraviolet frequency comb is used to directly excite the narrow ²²⁹Th nuclear clock transition in a solid-state CaF₂ host material, marking the start of nuclear-based solid-state optical clocks.

The integrated process of mechanochemical fractionation-assisted and solar-driven electrochemical reforming, followed by biological funnelling, enables the efficient upcycling of sewage sludge. This process not only co-produces valuable single-cell protein and green hydrogen but also effectively removes heavy metal contaminants.

With an improved framework for model development and evaluation, a large language model is shown to provide answers to medical questions that are comparable or preferred with respect to those provided by human physicians.

Horseshoe bats are thought to be natural hosts of SARS-CoV-2 but it is unclear whether other bat species are potential hosts. Virus–host receptor binding and infection assays, including receptors of 46 bat species, show dramatic variation in susceptibility to SARS-CoV and SARS-CoV-2 infection among bat species.

There is a requirement for improved adjuvants to improve responses to vaccines, including adjuvants that induce Th17 cells. Here, the authors use a MINCLE and TLR9 agonist-based vaccine adjuvant and show induction of Th17 and mucosal immune responses to vaccine recall antigens in mice and non-human primate models of vaccination.

Polymer crystals have a range of melting temperatures, therefore simultaneous melting and crystallization can take place. New crystals are seeded from some of the initial crystalline material, and as the orientation of the second-generation material is correlated with the starting crystal, orientated arrays of polymer crystals are produced.

The authors achieve precipitate alignment in piezoceramic by applying a uniaxial stress during aging process, resulting in electrical anisotropy. The optimized material has succinct advantages for high-power piezoelectric applications.

Excision of integrated HIV proviruses derived from most HIV-1 strains is achieved with a recombinase evolved in vitro.

A multilayer-stacked two-dimensional polyaniline crystal shows high electrical conductivity and unique out-of-plane metallic transport behaviour, indicating potential for strong electronic coupling beyond in-plane interactions and three-dimensional metallic conductivity.

Using deep brain stimulation of the habenula with implanted electrodes in patients with treatment-resistant depression, this study found a substantial reduction in depression scores at follow-up over multiple time points.

The identification of HLA epitopes is essential for vaccine and immunotherapy development. Here, authors develop ImmuneApp using deep learning on extensive immunopeptidomics data, advancing antigen presentation prediction, neoepitope prioritisation, and immunopeptidomics deconvolution.

Nucleosomes form arrays with even spacing between them in virtually all eukaryotes; however, their biogenesis is incompletely understood. Here the authors show that nucleosome density and DNA sequence along with the Ino80 chromatin remodeling complex play a role in nucleosome array formation in yeast and that the transcriptional machinery disrupts evenly-spaced nucleosomes.

The repair of DNA double strand breaks is strictly controlled during the cell cycle by the CDK kinase. Here the authors identify the DDK kinase as a second major regulator for this cell cycle regulation and elucidate its functional targets.

Dynamic assembly and disassembly of primary cilia is critical for tissue development and homeostasis. Here the authors identify lysophosphatidic acid (LPA) as a physiological extracellular factor that initiates cilia disassembly through both YAP/TAZ mediated transcription and calcium/calmodulin mediated activation of Aurora A.

The collective-flow-assisted nuclear shape-imaging method images the nuclear global shape by colliding them at ultrarelativistic speeds and analysing the collective response of outgoing debris.

Economic evaluation of utilization of digital technologies for cataract screening remains unknown. Here the authors show that digital hierarchical screening is cost-effective in China and annual screening proved to be the most cost-effective option.

This genome-wide association study on persistent hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection among Chinese confirms previously associated genetic loci while discovering a novel protective locus at 8p21.3. The study also demonstrates the nearby gene INST10 suppresses HBV replication in vitro.

Tu et al. show that the medial-dorsal thalamic nucleus and its connectivity with the anterior cingulate cortex preferentially encode pain in humans and rats.

Embryo implantation failure is a leading cause of miscarriage, though the mechanisms underlying trophoblast defects are not well understood. Here they show that the histone acetyltransferase KAT8 is essential for proper activation of the trophoblast stemness gene CDX2, and that placental development can be partially rescued by inhibiting histone deacetylase activity.

Here, the authors compared measurements between 34 laboratories from 19 countries, to quantify by mass spectrometry four ceramides of clinical relevance in human blood plasma Standard Reference Materials. The main goals were to evaluate concordance obtained in a large inter-laboratory trial and to report absolute concentrations of four circulating lipids in a publicly available standard.

The LKB1 signaling is differentially regulated and has distinct functions at different subcellular compartments. Tu et al reports that TBC1D23 specifically regulates Golgi-LKB1 signaling and link this pathway to neurodevelopment disorders.