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Xue et al. develop a foundation model for spectral analysis. It excels in multiple tasks, such as denoising spectra and quantifying trace molecules, and is especially promising in identifying metabolic biomarkers of diseases such as stroke, Alzheimer’s disease and prostate cancer.

Fixation of CO₂ in organic molecules is an area of great interest due to the implications in sustainable chemistry. Here, the authors show a visible light-mediated hydrocarboxylation of ketimines with atmospheric CO₂ to afford a number of α,α–diaryl α-amino acid derivatives.

A large genome-wide association study of more than 5 million individuals reveals that 12,111 single-nucleotide polymorphisms account for nearly all the heritability of height attributable to common genetic variants.

Cortical morphology shows maturation during childhood and adolescence. Here the authors show this is structurally constrained by a diffusion network model and that this constraint is linked to gene expression profiles of microstructural development.

Sun et al. report human lifespan changes in the brain’s functional connectome in 33,250 individuals, which highlights critical growth milestones and distinct maturation patterns and offers a normative reference for development, aging and diseases.

Worldwide, the number of only-child families is increasing. This research examines how growing up without siblings affects adult brain structure, function and connectivity, cognition, personality and mental health.

Ultra-low-temperature lithium metal batteries struggle with slow ion transport and dendrite growth. Here, authors develop a multifunctional electrolyte additive (PQA-NO₃) that forms a protective SEI layer and modifies ion interactions, enabling stable operation at extreme cold condition of −85 °C.

Socioeconomic status is multidimensional and can change over time. Xu, Lui, Ji et al. found dimension-specific, late-stage-specific and change-specific socioeconomic effects on brain, cognition, personality and emotion.

Researchers overcome the typical scintillator trade-off between high efficiency and speed. In organic scintillators, researchers drove hot excitons into fast singlet emission states without involving the lowest triplet states, which led to a fast radiative lifetime and strong light yield that may be applicable to ultrafast detection and imaging.

Photochromic systems with high contrast and multiple colours are useful for responsive materials, but it is challenging to achieve multiple colours with one molecule. Here, the authors report a photochromic system controlled by oxidative cleavage on light irradiation.

Structures of complexes containing GajA and GajB proteins of the prokaryotic Gabija anti-phage defence system reveal the mechanism of its activation after DNA cleavage upon ATP depletion.

Here, authors construct a moving potential barrier in a synthetic temporal lattice. They unveil the selection rules for choosing potential moving speed as well as the conditions to achieve transparent moving potentials and refraction.

Tea is an important beverage crop with a large and heterozygous genome. Here, the authors assemble the genome of the cultivar Longjing 43 and conduct a population genetics study to reveal divergent selection for disease resistance and flavor between the two variety groups.

Calcium is essential mineral nutrient for human but how it accumulates in rice grains is largely unknown. This study identifies a chloroplast vesicle localized protein GCSC1 that regulates calcium allocation to grains via flag leaf transpiration control.

Using a multi-omics approach, Wang et al. explored sex-specific and region-specific patterns of intestinal aging in non-human primates, identifying regulators with conserved functions in Caenorhabditis elegans intestinal aging, in colitis in mice and in patient colorectal cancer samples.

Limited current output hinders triboelectric nanogenerators for maritime applications. Authors design a rolling-mode TENG with multi-tunnel grating electrodes, achieving 185.4 W/(m³·Hz) power density. They demonstrate a self-powered ocean sensing system for water quality monitoring and wireless communication.

Implants made from patient-derived lyophilized lymph nodes loaded with chimeric antigen receptor T cells improve T cell delivery and inhibit tumour recurrence.

Neutrophils and macrophages are both involved in the initiation of inflammation, but whether and how they may participate in inflammation resolution is unclear. Here the authors show that neutrophils may mediate the conversion of macrophage into a pro-resolution phenotype via reactive oxygen species production to promote liver repair.

The molecular basis underlying infection infection-mediated lung pathology is not fully revealed. Here the authors report that SPARCL1 expressed in pulmonary capillary endothelial cells contributes to immune pathology in mouse model via pro-inflammatory macrophage induction, while circulating SPARCL1 levels corelate with COVID-19 lethality.

Interorgan communications play key roles in the regulation of whole-body energy metabolism. Here, the authors report the myokine Musclin as a negative regulator of beige adipose thermogenesis and systemic energy homeostasis through Tfr1/PKA signalling mediated muscle fat crosstalk.

Nanoparticles releasing an oxaliplatin prodrug and a cationic DNA intercalator within temozolomide-resistant gliomas in mice after convection-enhanced delivery inhibit the growth of the tumours without causing any detectable toxicity.

Cross-ancestry genome-wide association studies of 3,414 brain imaging phenotypes in Chinese Han and white British participants identify autosomal and X-chromosomal associations in more diverse populations.

A strategy that combines freeze-casting and salting-out treatments produces strong, tough, stretchable and fatigue-resistant poly(vinyl alcohol) hydrogels.

Studying subcellular proteomes in primary living cells is crucial for understanding health and disease. Here, the authors introduce CAT-S, a non-genetic method based on photocatalysis, enabling in situ deciphering of mitochondrial proteomes in primary cells from mouse tissues and human blood.

Wong et al. identify Slc6a2 as a marker of pulmonary venous endothelial cells and demonstrate that these cells differentiate into capillary endothelial cells during vascular regeneration after lung injury.

Follicular helper T cells (T_FH cells) require the transcription factor Bcl-6 and are antagonized by the transcription factor Blimp1 (encoded by Prdm1). Lilin Ye and colleagues show that acute viral infection induces the transcription factor TCF-1, which promotes T_FH differentiation by enhancing Bcl6 expression while suppressing that of Prdm1.

Analyses of genetic variation and population structure based on over 3,000 cultivated rice (Oryza sativa) genomes reveal subpopulations that correlate with geographic ___location and patterns of introgression consistent with multiple rice domestication events.

A consortium reports the tripling of the number of genetic markers in Phase II of the International HapMap Project. This map of human genetic variation will continue to revolutionize discovery of susceptibility loci in common genetic diseases, and study of genes under selection in humans.

Genome-wide association meta-analyses in populations of East Asian and European ancestries identify variant–trait associations for 44 hippocampal traits and provide insight into the genetic architectures of hippocampal and subfield volumes.

Lung adenocarcinomas can convert to squamous cell carcinomas, which is associated with cancer progression and therapy resistance. Here, Gao et al. identify YAP as an essential barrier for this phenotypic conversion through ZEB2-mediated DNP63 repression.

Vaccine adjuvants ensure sufficient engagement of the immune system in vaccination, however safety issues can be associated with novel chemical adjuvants. Here, Cao et al. report a physical radiofrequency adjuvant to simultaneously augment vaccine-induced humoral and cellular immune responses without potentially harmful adverse reactions.

There is a need of improved adjuvants for influenza vaccines. Here, the authors describe an adjuvant strategy using micro-fractional laser treatment combined with a topical cream containing a TLR 7 ligand that can enhance the immune response to intradermal vaccination with transient, constrained local inflammation.

Serine hydroxymethyltransferase 2 (SHMT2) converts serine to glycine in mitochondria and is upregulated in a variety of cancers. Here the authors show that acetylation of the lysine-95 (K95) residue negatively regulates SHMT2 expression and activity and is deacetylated by SIRT3 in colorectal cancer.

TCF-1 and LEF-1 are essential for early T cell development. Xue and colleagues show that in DP thymocytes, they control CD4⁺-versus-CD8⁺ T cell lineage 'decisions' and contribute to the establishment of CD8⁺ T cell identity.