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Maintaining proper reactive oxygen species (ROS) balance is critical for cellular and individual health, yet its dynamic nature encumbers monitoring and assessment. Here the authors propose a platform using mass cytometry-based detection, termed SN-ROP, to identify distinct ROS profiles associated with specific immune cell functions and disease states.

Freestanding membranes of hafnium zirconium oxide can be created using pulsed laser deposition method and used as the top-gate dielectric in molybdenum disulfide transistors.

Zhang et al. show that the activation of RIPK1 is suppressed by acetylhypusination in a spermidine-dependent manner. Disruption of this axis contributes to RIPK1-mediated vascular pathology to promote insulin resistance and diabetic kidney pathology.

Chronic visceral pain is frequently accompanied by changes in food preference and the underlying neural circuitry mechanisms remain unclear. Here, the authors elucidate a circuit from cholecystokinin neurons in the paraventricular hypothalamus (PVH^CCK) projecting to glutamatergic neurons in the anterior cingulate cortex (ACC^Glu) to regulate food preference accompany with chronic visceral pain.

Epstein-Barr virus is associated with increased cancer risk. Here, the authors analysed two population-based prospective cohorts in Southern China to examine the association between increased seropositivity and the risk of multiple cancer types.

Here the authors show that viral infections facilitate accumulation of cellular iron by degradation of iron exporter ferroportin (FPN1), and that high intracellular iron suppresses type I IFN responses and autophagy by promoting TBK1 hydroxylation and STING carbonylation.

Cao et al. report an A-site co-doping strategy by substituting Cs+ cation by alkali metals for perovskite quantum wires embedded in nanoporous alumina template, stabilising the crystal structure and enabling high-colour purity LEDs spanning from blue to green spectral region.

Under low-protein conditions, decrease of protein NUFIP1 is found to impair DNA damage response and induce necroptosis in the intestine, thereby contributing to intestinal inflammation in male mice with inflammatory bowel disease.

The Wnt signalling pathway is essential for development and the maintenance of stem cells. Here, the authors reveal how LGR4 and RSPO2 modulate ZNRF3 conformations and assembly heterogeneity, stabilising ZNRF3 in its inactive state to enhance Wnt signalling. These findings offer insights for the development of targeted therapies for Wnt-driven cancers.

Multimodal large language models are shown to develop object concept representations similar to those of humans. These representations closely align with neural activity in brain regions involved in object recognition, revealing similarities between artificial intelligence and human cognition.

Comprehensive molecular characterisations could shed light on the high heterogeneity and poor prognosis of gliomas. Here, the authors perform proteomic profiling of 188 glioma patients, revealing immune and metabolic neuron-related subgroups as well as metabolic biomarkers linked to prognosis.

Nanopore direct RNA sequencing is promising for epitranscriptome study but remains limited in single-molecule resolution. Here, the authors develop SingleMod, a tool for accurate single-molecule m6A detection from DRS and reveal cross-species epitranscriptome landscapes at single-molecule level.

Alternative expression analysis by sequencing (ALEXA-seq) aligns RNA-seq reads from different cell types to a database of alternative expression sequence features and quantifies isoforms that are differentially expressed between samples.

Mechanistic understanding of cancer drug resistance is often fragmented. Here, the authors use the proteome-wide Cellular Thermal Shift Assay, revealing drug-induced resistance responses encompassing activation of translation synthesis and a protein ensemble labelled the Auxiliary DNA Damage Repair.

As a major source of reactive oxygen species, mitochondria face a challenge to maintain their redox state. Here the authors show that ROMO1 overexpression prevents deleterious oxidation of the mitochondrial cysteinome and exerts beneficial effects on mitochondrial function.

Tao et al. study the role of TRMT6 in colorectal cancer, where it is upregulated and show that TRMT6 supports histone biosynthesis by stabilizing tRNA-Lys-TTT-1-1. Targeting TRMT6 reduced histone mRNA translation in a codon-biased manner.

The role of the tumor microenvironment in immunotherapy response in intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma remains unclear. Here, single cell RNA and TCR sequencing of samples before and after immunotherapy highlights the role of CD8 T-cell status conversion and exhaustion induced by Macro CD5L+ in treatment response.

Worldwide, the number of only-child families is increasing. This research examines how growing up without siblings affects adult brain structure, function and connectivity, cognition, personality and mental health.

The Somatic Mosaicism across Human Tissues Network aims to create a reference catalogue of somatic mosaicism across different tissues and cells within individuals.

In a prespecified interim analysis of the randomized, double-blind phase 3 COMPASSION-15 trial, patients with advanced HER2-negative gastric/GEJ cancer treated with the anti-PD-L1/CTLA-4 bispecific Ab cadonilimab plus chemotherapy showed significantly improved overall survival compared with patients treated with placebo plus chemotherapy as first-line treatment.

The genomic epidemiology of Acinetobacter baumannii, which is rising in virulence and multidrug resistance, was explored. This study examined bloodstream infection isolates from Chinese patients in 2011–2021, revealing increased genetic diversity and dominance of highly virulent ST208.

The combination of anti-PD-1 treatment with cisplatin and 5-fluorouracil in patients with previously untreated, PD-L1-positive esophageal squamous cell carcinoma improved progression-free survival and overall survival.

Prostate cancer is heterogenous in response to therapy. Here, the authors analyse genomics, transcriptomics, proteomics and phosphoproteomics data from 145 prostate cancer patients to identify NANS as a therapeutic target in prostate cancer.

The authors introduce SelectID, an approach combining CRISPR-guided targeting with methylation-sensitive labeling to identify proteins interacting with methylated repetitive sequences. They suggest that CHD4 directly binds young LINE-1 retrotransposons, suppressing their activity.

Socioeconomic status is multidimensional and can change over time. Xu, Lui, Ji et al. found dimension-specific, late-stage-specific and change-specific socioeconomic effects on brain, cognition, personality and emotion.

Sirtuin 5 (SIRT5) has been associated to colorectal cancer and metabolic regulation. Here, the authors show that SIRT5 silencing reduces nucleotide availability leading to DNA damage and tumor suppression in colorectal cancer models.

The knowledge of how electrons behave under magnetic field provides inherent information for exotic quantum states. Here, Fu et al. find different g-factors of topological surface states in Bi₂Se₃ and Sb₂Te₂Se, which suggests possible control of such states in spin-related applications.

The interplay of correlated fermionic and bosonic states in transition metal dichalcogenide heterostructures has not been fully explored. Here the authors propose a twisted WSe₂/WS₂/WSe₂ trilayer as a platform to study hybrid correlated states and demonstrate a novel trion state with charge-layer-locked structure.

Jing et al., perform local injections of lipid nanoparticles carrying synthetic IL-2 and circRNAs encoding IL-2R–TLR4 chimeric receptors and anti-CA9 CARs to target renal tumor macrophages, thereby promoting their antitumorigenic potential in situ.

The compassionate use of l-asparaginase in patients suffering from nasopharyngeal carcinoma substantially strengthens the efficacy of immune-checkpoint blockade therapy by enhancing T cell fitness.

Akkermansia muciniphila can promote intestinal pathogen infection in mice via microbial metabolite succinate production, but the expansion of A. muciniphila is strictly controlled by ILC3s through the regulation of intestinal galactosylation.

Adenoids and tonsils in children can become hypertrophic because of multiple infections. Here the authors use single cell transcriptomics to assess the immune cell composition of these hypertrophic organs and find B, T and NK cells and exhausted memory CD4 T cells indicating immune changes in these organs associated with respiratory infection.

Long-term stability is a key challenge for ruthenium-based oxygen evolution reaction (OER) catalysts. Here, the authors present a RuO2/LiCoO2 catalyst with dynamic Li dissolution, which weakens the covalency of the Ru-O bond to prevent the lattice oxygen mechanism, thereby ensuring stable acidic OER.

SIRT5 protects against primate skeletal muscle ageing through TBK1 desuccinylation, which inhibits the downstream inflammatory and senescent phenotypes.