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Using two cohorts, Liu, Ge, Xiao, Lu and colleagues perform plasma metabolomics and lipidomics, linking reduced sarcosine to sarcopenia diagnosis. In mice, they demonstrate that sarcosine enhances muscle repair, boosts adipose thermogenesis and preserves muscle mass via macrophage modulation.

Chronic visceral pain is frequently accompanied by changes in food preference and the underlying neural circuitry mechanisms remain unclear. Here, the authors elucidate a circuit from cholecystokinin neurons in the paraventricular hypothalamus (PVH^CCK) projecting to glutamatergic neurons in the anterior cingulate cortex (ACC^Glu) to regulate food preference accompany with chronic visceral pain.

Maintaining proper reactive oxygen species (ROS) balance is critical for cellular and individual health, yet its dynamic nature encumbers monitoring and assessment. Here the authors propose a platform using mass cytometry-based detection, termed SN-ROP, to identify distinct ROS profiles associated with specific immune cell functions and disease states.

The role of vascular plasticity in brain function remains poorly understood. Here, the authors demonstrate that a significant portion of blood vessels in the adult brain periodically occlude and regress, a process that is associated with a reduction in neuronal activity.

Xu, Meng, St-Germain et al. report that S1P in HDL induces a calcium signalling cascade involving E-Syt1 that ultimately promotes the formation of contact sites between the endoplasmic reticulum and the plasma membrane, as well as HDL-derived cholesterol transport.

The impact of exposure to particulate plastics on human health is a topic of increasing concern. Here, the authors discuss routes of exposure to microparticles and nanoparticles and potential mechanisms of toxicity in the kidney and cardiovascular systems.

Preliminary results from a phase 2a trial involving 71 patients suggest that a new agent, discovered and designed with artificial intelligence assistance, is safe and effective for the treatment of idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis.

In a phase 1/2 trial in patients with advanced non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC), followed by a phase 2 trial in an EGFR-mutant selected population, treatment with the TROP2-targeting antibody–drug conjugate sacituzumab tirumotecan led to encouraging clinical response rates, especially in patients with EGFR-mutant NSCLC, which was supported by mechanistic data.

A method for acetylome profiling requiring a low quantity of hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) was developed, revealing a significant reduction in H4K77ac in aged HSCs, associated with decreased lymphocyte differentiation potential.

Diarrhoea is a major cause of morbidity and mortality in China. Here, the authors present results from a large sentinel surveillance scheme from 217 hospitals in all 31 provinces in mainland China, including ~150,000 patients with acute diarrhoea and covering years 2009-2018.

Functional material design can be enhanced by taking inspiration from nature. This Primer describes how micropatterns inspired by the natural world can be designed, fabricated and used to solve technical challenges.

Worldwide, the number of only-child families is increasing. This research examines how growing up without siblings affects adult brain structure, function and connectivity, cognition, personality and mental health.

Socioeconomic status is multidimensional and can change over time. Xu, Lui, Ji et al. found dimension-specific, late-stage-specific and change-specific socioeconomic effects on brain, cognition, personality and emotion.

Catalytic syngas conversion is an essential part of sustainable chemical production but is hindered by the trade-off between conversion activity and product selectivity. Here the authors address this challenge by developing a catalytic shunt strategy.

The genomic epidemiology of Acinetobacter baumannii, which is rising in virulence and multidrug resistance, was explored. This study examined bloodstream infection isolates from Chinese patients in 2011–2021, revealing increased genetic diversity and dominance of highly virulent ST208.

The Somatic Mosaicism across Human Tissues Network aims to create a reference catalogue of somatic mosaicism across different tissues and cells within individuals.

The role of KLF10 in exercise-mediated anti-obesity effects is not clear. Here, the authors show that exercise-induced adipose KLF10 interacts with FOXO1 and recruits KDM4A to transactivate lipolytic genes, which defends against obesity in male mice.

The cobalt-catalyzed intermolecular reductive coupling of alkenes and alkynes is attractive due to the unique reactivity and cost-effectiveness of cobalt catalysts. Here, the authors report an asymmetric desymmetric reductive coupling of electronically unbiased succinimide-containing cyclobutenes with internal alkynes via photoredox and cobalt dual catalysis.

Here they identify a selective PRC1.1 inhibitor, iBP, that treats bone loss by improving osteoblast function. iBP releases repression of Wnt/β-catenin signaling, enhancing bone formation and repair in aging, trauma, and disease models.

Adult zebrafish possess the ability to regenerate injured hearts through a complex orchestration of molecular and cellular activities. Here, the authors present a single cell and spatially-resolved atlas of the regenerating zebrafish heart, which serves as a valuable resource for research on heart regeneration.

A quantum microsatellite, with a payload weighing only 23 kilograms, in combination with portable ground stations that weigh merely 100 kilograms, is capable of performing space-to-ground real-time quantum key distribution.

The stereospecific Z/E isomerization of tetrasubstituted alkenes remains underdeveloped, thus lacking in a stereodivergent synthesis of axially chiral alkenes. Here, authors report the atroposelective synthesis of tetrasubstituted alkene analogues by asymmetric allylic substitution-isomerization, followed by the photocatalyzed Z/E isomerization.

The single-cell and spatial transcriptomic atlases shed light on the molecular characteristics and spatial distribution of various ovarian cell types during folliculogenesis, and luteinization following ovulation.

Hydrogels are of increasing interest in the materials community, but precise control of mechanochemistry is still challenging. Here, the authors report the use of a tensegrity architecture to prepare hydrogels with favourable properties.

Acute myeloid leukaemia(AML) modifies the bone marrow(BM) microenvironment, impacting hematopoiesis. Here, the authors demonstrate that AML-modified BM endothelial progenitor cells(EPC) remodelling supports normal hematopoiesis after complete remission and this process is improved by the antioxidant N-acetyl-L-cysteine(NAC).

China operates a national surveillance program for acute respiratory infections and sampled over 200,000 patients between 2009–2019. Here, the authors present results from this program and describe patterns by age, pathogen type, presence of pneumonia, and season.

Direct and site-selective C–H functionalization of alkenes under environmentally benign conditions represents a useful and attractive yet challenging transformation to access value-added molecules. Here, the authors report a protocol for a variety of intermolecular Heck-type functionalization of C(sp2)–H bond of alkenes by thianthrenation.

Interferon-γ (IFNγ)-activated calcium/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase II (CAMK2) phosphorylates phosphoserine aminotransferase 1 (PSAT1) at serine 337 (S337), enabling glutathione peroxidase 4 (GPX4) interaction, promoting α-ketoglutarate-dependent PHD3-mediated GPX4 proline 159 (P159) hydroxylation and stabilizing GPX4 to counteract ferroptosis.

Nodes in a quantum network must be able to interface with photonic qubits as well as perform local quantum computations. The quantum node device presented here is capable of storing quantum information and correcting bit-flip errors.

Candida albicans Cdr1 pumps azole antifungal drugs out of the cell, driving drug resistance. Here, the authors determine the mechanism of Cdr1-mediated fluconazole resistance and milbemycin oxime inhibition, providing a foundation for future drug discovery efforts.

Adipose-secreted SERPINA3C in exercised dams protects their offspring from high-fat diet-induced metabolic disorders by promoting KLF4-mediated anti-inflammatory effects in adipose tissue.

Serine metabolism is essential for leukemogenesis and stemness in acute myeloid leukemia (AML). Here the authors show that targeting IGF2BP3 disrupts the serine synthesis pathway in AML cells in an RNA N⁶-Methyladenosine modification dependent manner, sensitizing AML cells to serine and glycine deprivation.

The authors observe the signatures of quadrupolar excitons in a WSe₂-WS₂-WSe₂ trilayer moiré superlattice, originating from the hybridization of the WSe₂ valence moiré flatbands. They further use electrostatic gating to reveal a hybridized interlayer Mott insulator state, with holes shared between the two WSe₂ layers but laterally confined in moiré superlattices.

Using operando electrochemical processes, we found a way to restore oxygen-redox active materials exhibiting structural and voltage decay to their pristine state, providing a framework for the design of functional materials with zero thermal expansion.

The compact Cas12f enzyme exhibits obvious delivery advantage for gene editing, but its activity remains suboptimal. Here, the authors have designed and optimized circular guide RNA (cgRNA) for Cas12f, which significantly improves the efficiency of gene activation and adenine base editing.

This study reveals a regulation mechanism of the ALR1 aluminium receptor involving phosphorylation switching by PP2C phosphatases and PBL27 kinase. This mechanism modulates ALR1–BAK1 complex formation, thereby controlling plant aluminium sensing and resistance.

This analysis provides a collection of sequencing datasets generated from long-read and short-read RNA sequencing, serving as a valuable resource for transcriptome profiling.

Here, authors present cryo-EM structures and simulations of urea transporter members in resting-, transport-, or inactive-states bound with synthetic competitive, uncompetitive or noncompetitive inhibitor.

A high-resolution microscopy screen of candidate nucleolar proteins identifies URB1 as a protein that is confined to the periphery of the dense fibrillar component, with key roles in pre-ribosomal RNA folding and processing.

In-phase/quadrature (IQ) electro-optic modulators are underpinning devices for coherent transmission technology. Here the authors present IQ modulators in the lithium-niobate-on-insulator platform, which provide improved overall performance and advanced modulation formats for future coherent transmission systems.

Heterohelicenes are of increasing importance in materials science but organocatalytic enantioselective synthesis of these molecules remains challenging. Here, the authors synthesize enantioenriched 1-(3-indol)-quino[n]helicenes through chiral phosphoric acid-catalyzed Povarov reaction followed by oxidative aromatization and explore the photochemical and electrochemical properties of these compounds.