Fig. 1: Overview of spatial metabolomics of lampreys.

a Anatomical illustration of the 14 lamprey tissues subjected to metabolomics analysis. Each tissue has a unique abbreviation and is kept consistent throughout the figures. b Bar plot showing the number of unique mass features before and after data cleaning at positive and negative ion modes. c Line plots showing the log10 transformed peak area variations of internal standard, 4-chloro-L-phenylalanine, detected at positive and negative ion modes, respectively (n = 3 for each tissue). The red dashed line represents the mean peak areas across all the samples, and gray dashed lines are mean peak area ±5% of the mean peak area. d Summary of the total identified metabolites in different lamprey tissues. Pi chart showing the percentage of identified metabolites belonging to different chemical classes. Histogram showing the distribution of chemical classes along the mass range. Each chemical class is represented by a unique color code.