Fig. 1: Examples of non-attached aggregates found in chronic infections.

a, b Biofilm aggregates in debridement material from chronic wounds stained red with PNA-FISH probes. White arrows indicate biofilm aggregates, yellow arrows indicate the surface of the wound. Biofilm aggregates found in sputum from patients diagnosed with either (c) community acquired pneumonia or (d) cystic fibrosis. Red represents cells stained with bacteria specific PNA-FISH. e, f Specimens from chronic otitis media. e Aggregates of Staphylococcus aureus stained with specific PNA-FISH probes (green-yellow) and (f) aggregate stained with a universal bacteria PNA-FISH probe indicated with white arrows. In all panels, host cells were stained blue with DAPI. Adapted with permission from^21,22,79.