Fig. 5: Multi-omics measurements are associated with carb-response type and metabolic traits.
From: Individual variations in glycemic responses to carbohydrates and underlying metabolic physiology
a, Metabolites and lipids that are distinguished between carb-response types. For the carb-response types, ‘Others’ include all other participants. *, based on Holm corrected P value of the Mann–Whitney test (default, two-sided) of the selected pairs: *PH ≤ 0.05; **PH ≤ 0.01. N1-Methyladenosine was selected as it had the lowest P value when comparing bread-spikers with others. The TAGs and fatty acids were selected as lipid-related features with pFDR < 0.2. More results can be found in Supplementary Table 3 and Supplementary Fig. 21. PH: bread versus potatoes (i) 0.021, bread versus rice (i) 2.5 × 10−3, others versus grapes (ii) 0.033, grapes versus potatoes (ii) 0.035, other versus potatoes (iii) 0.016, others versus grapes (iii) 0.043, potatoes versus grapes (iii) 1.2 × 10−3, others versus potatoes (iv) 1.1 × 10−3, potatoes versus grapes (iv) 8.2 × 10−3, others versus potatoes (v) 1.9 × 10−3, potatoes versus grapes (v) 8.2 × 10−3. The boxplots show the center line as the median and the hinges as the 25th and 75th percentiles. The upper whisker extends from the hinge to the largest value not bigger than 1.5 times the distance between the hinges. Data beyond the whiskers are outliers. Number of participants in each carb-response type: rice-spiker (15), grape-spiker (6), pasta-spiker (3), bread-spiker (8), potato-spiker (7). Omics measurements were compared between carb-response types. b, Spearman correlation between T2D-related clinical features and microbiome levels (Genus). Red indicates positive correlation, blue indicates negative correlation, and asterisks indicate P value < 0.05 and pFDR < 0.2. Genera with more than one P value < 0.05 association were selected. Sample weight was controlled by partial correlation. FDR correction was implemented for the whole matrix. c, Mediation effect through the same metabolite. The mediation effect was calculated from microbiome to metabolites (mediator) and then to clinical measurements. Asterisks indicate pFDR < 0.01, and others are selected based on pFDR < 0.2. The listed microbe functions were dominated by the species Bacteroides thetaiotaomicron with the highest levels. Ca., Candidatus. Illustration in c created with BioRender.com.
