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A reinforcement learning-based virtual reality system, implementing a series of sport sessions with coaching, was as effective as standard physical activity in reducing fat mass in adolescents, with positive effects on cognition.

The methyltransferase OsPRMT6b is found to act as an ABA responsive factor to finely turn down ABA signaling via methylation of ABA receptor, thus facilitating growth recovery as high-temperature stress subsides.

A method for acetylome profiling requiring a low quantity of hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) was developed, revealing a significant reduction in H4K77ac in aged HSCs, associated with decreased lymphocyte differentiation potential.

Electrification is a promising way to decarbonize the chemical industry but could also have important effects on power systems. Here the authors assess the impact of electrifying the production of methanol and ammonia on the Chinese power system in terms of emissions and potential security risks.

Xiang et al. use patient samples and mouse models of osteoarthritis to examine the link with muscle atrophy. They identify that, in osteoarthritis, senescent macrophages promote ferroptosis in skeletal muscle cells, and they show the therapeutic value of targeting this pathological mechanism.

Li et al. uncover a lysosomal surveillance response whereby intestinal lumen deacidification induces a transcriptional programme that boosts lysosomal activity and improves protein aggregate clearance in multiple worm disease models, extending healthspan.

R9AP is a key receptor for entry of Epstein–Barr virus into human epithelial and B cells, and interacts directly with the viral glycoprotein gH/gL complex to mediate virus–host membrane fusion.

Using human data and mice models, it was revealed that assimilation of ammonia by a gut microbe prevents its harmful accumulation that can impair kidney function.

Chronic care manages long-term, progressive conditions, while acute care handles short-term ones. Here, authors show chronic conditions account for most of the global health burden, with 68% of DALYs and 93% of YLDs attributed to chronic care needs.

Lactate released by tumor cells has been shown to inhibit antitumor NK cell responses. Here the authors show a mechanism for this effect in which lactate drives lysine lactylation of NK cells. A combination treatment also limits this lactylation to prevent NK cell dysfunction, thereby restoring antitumor immunity.

DeepRETStroke is a deep learning system using retinal photographs to detect silent brain infarction and predict future stroke events.

Innate lymphoid cells (ILC) are instrumental to immediate, local response to pathogens. Here the authors use parabiosis and multiplex 3D imaging to identify a mouse type 3 ILC population that resides in the intravascular space of lung, produces CCL4 for neutrophil recruitment, and protects from Pseudomonas aeruginosa infection in mice.

Many legumes accommodate rhizobial symbionts via transcellular infection threads. Here the authors show that in Medicago root hairs, polar growth of the infection thread requires a tip-localized protein complex consisting of VPY and VPY-like proteins that are stabilized by the E3 ligase LIN, as well as an exocyst complex subunit.

The transcription factor CREM is a pivotal regulator of NK cell function, making CREM a valuable target to increase the efficacy of anticancer immunotherapies based on this cell population and chimeric antigen receptors.

A hybrid extracellular matrix–hydrogel with tunable mechanical stiffness and biochemical composition of young or aged cardiac tissue is used to identify the specific contributions of extracellular matrix ligands and mechanics for fibroblast aging.

Genomic imprinting, manifested as monoallelic expression of genes according to parental origin, is linked to mammalian placentation and human diseases. The authors integrate single-nucleus transcriptomes and whole-genome variations to create a cell type-specific genomic imprinting atlas of pig placenta, highlighting the role of cell-cell communication in parent-of-origin effects on gene expression.

A soft mesh microelectrode array can seamlessly integrate in developing brains, enabling long-term, stable mapping of how single-neuron activity and population dynamics emerge and evolve during brain development.

Sequence-based algorithms to identify T cell antigens often miss targets that are activating the immune response. Here authors show that a computational method they developed, which uses atomic level features as input, can identify antigens that trigger cytokine release in cognate T cells.

A compact optical frequency division system with magnesium-fluoride-microresonator-based frequency references and silicon-nitride-microresonator-based comb generators is reported, offering a soliton pulse train at 25-GHz microwaves with an absolute phase noise of –141 dBc Hz^–1 and timing noise below 546 zs Hz^–1/2 at a 10-kHz offset frequency.

Toghani, Gupte et al. identify semaphorin 4A as a cell-extrinsic factor that protects myeloid-biased hematopoietic stem cells from inflammaging, mainly produced by their progeny—neutrophils—and acting via a negative feedback loop.

A nanobody was identified that targets the N-terminal fragment of the adhesion G-protein-coupled receptor ADGRG2, allosterically enhances activation by the natural agonist dehydroepiandrosterone and restores signaling in mutant receptors.

Comparing to Gossypium hirsutum, G. barbadense cotton lines have superior fiber quality but lower fiber yield. Here, the authors construct pangenome using 12 newly assembled G. barbadense genomes and 17 publicly tetraploid cotton genomes and reveal yield- and fiber-related diversity and interspecific gene flow.

Advances in beta cell differentiation have propelled cell therapies for diabetes into the clinic; this Review outlines the lessons learned from early-phase trials and discusses the clinical, manufacturing and regulatory challenges that must now be overcome.

Clear cell renal cell carcinoma (ccRCC) usually metastasizes to the lungs. Here, the authors discover that SWI/SNF ATPase subunit SMARCA4 silencing of HLF regulates ccRCC lung metastasis by modulating the integration of collagen's mechanical cues with the actin cytoskeleton through leupaxin.

Cerebellar ataxia, a hallmark of cerebellar degeneration (CBND), is driven by mitochondrial dysfunction in Purkinje cells. In this study, transplanting mitochondria into CBND mice improve mitochondrial function, reduce mitophagy, and reduce ataxia.

The direct electro-reduction of diluted CO₂ in acidic media can circumvent CO₂ purification and reduce carbon loss. Here, the authors use an ionomer coating layer to enrich the diluted CO₂ and block proton transport, thereby achieving high carbon utilization in diluted CO₂ in an acidic electrolyte.

Nanopore direct RNA sequencing is promising for epitranscriptome study but remains limited in single-molecule resolution. Here, the authors develop SingleMod, a tool for accurate single-molecule m6A detection from DRS and reveal cross-species epitranscriptome landscapes at single-molecule level.

The immune response of immunotherapy in colorectal cancer remains low and new adjuvant targets are in demand. By in vivo CRISPR-Cas9 screening that targets membrane and secreted proteins genes, the authors identify that disrupting MBTPS1 in tumor cells upregulates STAT1-transcribed chemokines, promotes CXCR3⁺ CD8 T cells infiltration and potentiates anti-PD-1 therapy.

It is unclear which intestinal epithelial cell-derived cytokines can precisely regulate intestinal stem cell (ISC) commitment toward specific mature cells. Here, authors identify an epithelial-derived FGF1 driving ISC toward goblet cells.

While Bell inequalities have been violated several times—mostly in photonic systems—their violations within particle physics experiments are less explored. Here, the BESIII Collaboration showcases Bell-violating nonlocal correlations between entangled hyperon pairs.

Here, the authors report a Trident strategy-enhanced generative model able to produce a large volume of high-quality simulated atomic microscopy images, which can be used to automatically resolve the interlayer sliding and twist angle of few-layered van der Waals materials with improved robustness to defects and image quality.

TGF-β is thought to be important for group 2 innate lymphoid cell (ILC2) function. Here the authors show that TGF-β drives expression of ST2 specifically in ILC2 progenitors and thereby is also important for the development of ILC2s in the bone marrow.

Adoro and colleagues report the involvement of the IRE1α–XBP1 signaling axis in protecting hematopoietic stem and progenitor cells from proteomic stress and as a safeguard against leukemic transformation.

The key challenge in liquid organic hydrogen carriers (LOHCs) is preventing catalyst poisoning by CO in crude H₂. Here the authors present a Pd/α-MoC catalyst that enables efficient N-LOHC hydrogenation under crude H₂ (CO > 5 vol%) below 150 °C, achieving activity 1–2 orders of magnitude higher than conventional Pd-based catalysts.

All-perovskite tandem solar cells are a promising emerging photovoltaic technology. In this Review, Tan and colleagues discuss recent developments and pathways to improve their technical maturity.

The Dark sectioning algorithm removes the background and provides single-frame optical sectioning in fluorescence microscopy. It offers improved quantitative analysis and deep-tissue segmentation accuracy and is compatible to diverse modalities.

Chang’E-5 and Chang’E-6 lunar soils show higher δ30Si than lunar basalts, with CE-6 having the highest value, suggesting space weathering produced by micrometeorite impacts alters Si isotopes of lunar soils, with stronger effects on the farside.

An endohedral metallofullerene–polymer layer, which features ultrafast electron extraction and in situ encapsulation, improves the efficiency and stability of perovskite solar cells.