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Understanding past warming events is essential to project the consequences of anthropogenic carbon emissions. Here, carbon and hydrological cycle changes of the Carnian Pluvial Episode are revealed, offering insights into Earth System functioning.

Proteome profiling of plasma samples in human pan-cancer cohorts reveals patterns of biomarkers for diagnosis.

The yin–yang codec transcoding algorithm is proposed to improve the practicality and robustness of DNA data storage.

Zhang et al. performed a multi-regional multi-omics study, identifying brain-wide mitochondrial and synaptic defects in neurons and glial inflammation as key mechanisms underlying central nervous system impairment in COVID-19, potentially triggering neurodegeneration.

This study shows how auditory cortex activation and cognitive function develop during a six-month follow-up after gene therapy in children with congenital deafness.

Understanding the development of subsolid nodules (SSNs) in lung adenocarcinoma (LUAD) is important for their clinical management. Here, the authors perform proteogenomic analysis of 66 LUAD displayed as SSNs from 3 histological stages and highlight the role of endoplasmic reticulum stress in progression.

Phylogenetic origin of the Y haplome present in allopolyploid Triticeae species is unclear. Here, the authors report the genome assembly of allohexaploid Elymus nutans, reveal the all likely combinations of St, Y, and H haplomes during the allopolyploid origins, and identify gene responsible for UV-B radiation adaptation.

The design of easily synthesized high molecular weight giant molecular acceptors is urgently needed. Here, the authors report a branch-connected dendritic hexamer acceptor that exhibits enhanced charge transport ability, achieving device efficiency of 19.4% for binary organic solar cells.

Limited whole genome sequencing (WGS) of Asian populations results in a lack of representative reference panels, hindering imputation of Asian ancestry-specific genetic variants. Here the authors use WGS data from 11,067 individuals across 17 Asian countries to create a new reference panel which shows improved imputation accuracy for South Asian populations.

Influenza A HA plasticity often leads to resistant strains that compromise mAb potency as bivalent IgGs. Here, the authors show that engineered IgM molecules overcome this resistance by expanded avidity but still provide potent neutralization and in vivo protection while retaining parental IgG specificity.

Functionalizing unactivated carbon–hydrogen bonds is a powerful and atom efficient method to introduce functionality into a molecule. Here, the authors show activation and intramolecular amination of primary C–H bonds using a silver catalyst.

Accurate measurement of defect structures is hindered by complex atomic configuration and/or crystal tilt. Here, the authors realize sub-nanometer mapping of crystal tilt and deep-subangstrom resolution and depth-dependent imaging of dislocations.

Aqueous and non-aqueous Li-based electrolyte solutions have narrow electrochemical stability windows, which hinder the operation of batteries at high cell potentials. Here, to circumvent this limitation, the authors propose the combined use of tailored aqueous and non-aqueous electrolyte solutions in various Li-based cell configurations.

Geospatial estimates of the prevalence of anemia in women of reproductive age across 82 low-income and middle-income countries reveals considerable heterogeneity and inequality at national and subnational levels, with few countries on track to meet the WHO Global Nutrition Targets by 2030.

The results of the Fifth RNA-Puzzles contest highlights advances in RNA three-dimensional structure prediction and uncovers new insights into RNA folding and structure.

Using laser powder bed fusion and a tailored heat treatment, the authors produce NiTi shape memory alloys with improved strength, ductility, and superelasticity enabled by high-density of Ni-rich local chemical inhomogeneity entities.

A study using iPhones and Apple Watches to track and analyze cognitive health over 18 months in more than 23,000 US adults demonstrates the feasibility of remote cognitive health monitoring and uncovers potential methods for early detection of cognitive decline.

Cervical screening is a key method for detecting cervical cancer, but is limited by pathologist detection. Here, the authors use artificial intelligence to predict cytology grades from whole slide images.

CNS injuries cause persistent deficits. Here, the authors show that regenerated axons in an optic tract injury model form functional synapses, restoring the pupillary light reflex, and highlight neuronal types and presynaptic activity in recovery.

China operates a national surveillance program for acute respiratory infections and sampled over 200,000 patients between 2009–2019. Here, the authors present results from this program and describe patterns by age, pathogen type, presence of pneumonia, and season.

The authors find polar vortex arrays in twisted paraelectric SrTiO₃. By employing multislice electron ptychography, the atomic structures of different layers are effectively resolved, allowing for the identification of depth-dependent rotation reversal of the in-plane polarization.

Sha et al. show that Borealin is a non-canonical methylation substrate for MLL1 that regulates phase separation of the inner centromeric chromosome passenger complex, and dictates genome integrity and tumour development in hepatocellular carcinoma.

Chiral metasurfaces have been produced, with experimental observation of intrinsic chiral bound states in the continuum, which may lead to applications in chiral light sources and detectors, chiral sensing, valleytronics and asymmetric photocatalysis.

Polymerization reactions are often catalysed by metal compounds and hence there are concerns surrounding toxicity, cost and environmental friendliness. Here the authors show sulfenate anions as organocatalysts for benzylic chloromethyl-coupling polymerization reactions to form poly(stilbene)s.

Synthetically replicating transmembrane protein signal transduction is a gaol of synthetic biology. Here, the authors show how the dimerization of synthetic transmembrane DNA receptors can be used to engineer sensing and actuation cascades in response to external molecular signals.

Diarrhoea is a major cause of morbidity and mortality in China. Here, the authors present results from a large sentinel surveillance scheme from 217 hospitals in all 31 provinces in mainland China, including ~150,000 patients with acute diarrhoea and covering years 2009-2018.

Analyses of the genome sequences and expression data for two closely related mycoheterotrophic orchid species provide insights into the genomic basis underlying the evolution of mycoheterotrophy.

Undefined vacuole-like ultrastructures between epididymal cells have been observed. Here, the authors reveal that these structures contain organelle residues and protein aggregates that suggest a reservoir for protein recycling.

Mechanical allodynia can be socially transferred. Here, authors show that a small population of mice exhibit resilience to socially transferred allodynia, an active process mediated by ventral tegmental area glutamatergic circuits.

Sun et al. report human lifespan changes in the brain’s functional connectome in 33,250 individuals, which highlights critical growth milestones and distinct maturation patterns and offers a normative reference for development, aging and diseases.

Liver fibrosis is a disease that lacks effective treatments. This study reveals that ATF4 drives fibrosis by activating hepatic stellate cells and that pharmacological inhibition of ATF4 reduces liver fibrosis, offering an opportunity for new therapies.

Although the function of Toll-like receptor 9 (TLR9) in immunity and inflammation is well-established, its role in obesity is less well-studied. In this study, the authors demonstrate that TLR9 deficiency in B cells is associated with obesity in mice and results in altered frequencies of T and B lymphocyte subsets and gut microbiome dysbiosis.

The seawater oxidation reaction faces challenges from competitive chloride oxidation reaction. Herein, the authors have utilized chlorine adsorption to modulate the single-atom Ir coordination state and promote seawater oxidation and catalyst stability.

High entropy alloys hold promises for enhanced oxygen reduction reaction. Here, the authors develop a straightforward yet effective descriptor for rational designing high entropy alloy electrocatalysts with the aid of surface local chemical environments.

Body-centered cubic refractory metals are known to exhibit excellent high-temperature strength, but often suffer from brittle fracture. Here, the authors produce a bulk pure Mo with stable fine-grain structure after powder metallurgy, Y-type hot rolling and ultra-high temperature annealing (1000~1700 °C) that exhibits room temperature superplasticity.

The multiple sclerosis brain shows massive demyelination. Now, Sha Mi and colleagues show that upregulation of DR6 in multiple sclerosis brain is responsible for inhibiting remyelination and brain repair by oligodendrocytes.

Inflammatory depression is a treatment-resistant subtype of depression. Here, the authors show that patients with inflammatory depression exhibit a disrupted microbiota, which upon FMT in mice leads to increased peripheral and central inflammatory factors, intestinal mucosal permeability, and depressive and anxiety-like behaviors. Probiotic administration ameliorates the disease phenotype.