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China operates a national surveillance program for acute respiratory infections and sampled over 200,000 patients between 2009–2019. Here, the authors present results from this program and describe patterns by age, pathogen type, presence of pneumonia, and season.

Functionalization of C-H bonds typically requires harsh reagents or metal catalysts. Here the authors report a metal-free C-H sulfenylation/rearrangement to form C-S and S=N bonds under simple, biocompatible conditions, and apply this to the synthesis of fluorogenic phospholipid vesicles.

The dual-substrate catalysis strategy realizes synergistic activation of both oxidant and pollutant via direct oxidative transfer process by employing two catalysts, achieving efficient removal of pollutants with minimal oxidant consumption.

Nitrogen-doped lutetium hydrides LuH_2±xN_y synthesized using a high-pressure and high-temperature synthesis technique did not show near-ambient superconductivity at pressures below 40.1 GPa.

The mitochondrial unfolded protein response is shown to inhibit pluripotency during somatic cell reprogramming and to inhibit the mesenchymal-to-epithelial transition through c-Jun-mediated histone acetylation.

Antimicrobial nanoparticles are emerging as a valid alternative to antibiotics to control bacterial infections. Here the authors show that ultrasound-responsive piezo-catalytic nanoparticles boost macrophage-mediated antibacterial responses, and that adoptive transfer of piezo-activated macrophages achieves timely control of immunosuppressive bacterial infections.

Early detection and accurate diagnosis of focal liver lesions are crucial for effective treatment and prognosis. Here, the authors present a fully automated diagnostic system that leverages multi-phase CT scans and clinical features, for diagnosing liver lesions.

Persistent phosphors are known from applications such as night-vision goggles where they produce a characteristic green afterglow. The discovery of persistent phosphors that instead operate at near-infrared wavelengths with much longer afterglows may now enable new applications in night-vision surveillance and in bio-imaging.

Diarrhoea is a major cause of morbidity and mortality in China. Here, the authors present results from a large sentinel surveillance scheme from 217 hospitals in all 31 provinces in mainland China, including ~150,000 patients with acute diarrhoea and covering years 2009-2018.

As immune checkpoint therapy is more frequently used for cancer, side effects such as Stevens-Johson syndrome / toxic epidermal necrolysis (SJS/TEN) are becoming more common. Here the authors use single cell transcriptomics to implicate TNF and CXCL10 in recruitment of CXCR3⁺ cytotoxic T cell in SJS/TEN skin lesions.

Here, the authors identify genes and drug targets that show immune cell-specific and activation time point-specific effects on type 2 diabetes and coronary heart disease and find strong immune-to-metabolic disease connections.

Here, the authors report the kinetics of Sen1/RNA simultaneous release, Sen1-Pol II complex dissociation, and Pol II diffusion during eukaryotic Sen1-dependent transcription termination through single-molecule fluorescence assays.

Genome-wide association studies (GWAS) have improved our understanding of the genetic basis of lung adenocarcinoma but known susceptibility variants explain only a small fraction of the familial risk. Here, the authors perform a two-stage GWAS and report 12 novel genetic loci associated with lung adenocarcinoma in East Asians.

Electrochemical CO₂ reduction to make fuels and feedstocks often relies on metal-based catalysts. Here the authors report membrane electrode assemblies operating with relatively high current densities for CO₂-to-CH₄ conversion using organic molecular catalysts.

The role of the tumor microenvironment in immunotherapy response in intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma remains unclear. Here, single cell RNA and TCR sequencing of samples before and after immunotherapy highlights the role of CD8 T-cell status conversion and exhaustion induced by Macro CD5L+ in treatment response.

In Klinefelter syndrome, gene dysregulation due to the extra X chromosome leads to delayed development of fetal germ cells (FGCs), and aberrant interactions between Sertoli cells and FGCs disrupt the migration of late FGCs to the basement membrane.

A method for the site-selective C–H borylation of arenes and heteroarenes is described, in which BBr₃ acts as both a reagent and a catalyst.

SNARE protein-mediated vesicle fusion is usually monitored by indirect lipid mixing. Diaoet al. have developed a FRET-based single-vesicle content mixing assay, which elucidates fusion pore formation, and shows that the yeast SNARE complex mediates pore expansion in the absence of accessory proteins.

Catechols are common structural motifs in bioactive molecules and synthetic building blocks. Here the authors report a method to convert phenol derivatives into catechols via an iridium-catalysed redox-neutral C–H hydroxylation, giving diversely substituted products under mild conditions.

Ionizable lipid optimization is essential for mRNA therapy via lipid nanoparticle, but experimental screening is investment-intensive. Here, authors developed AI models achieving the rational design of lipid molecules and fast high-throughput screening.

Here, authors present cryo-EM structures and simulations of urea transporter members in resting-, transport-, or inactive-states bound with synthetic competitive, uncompetitive or noncompetitive inhibitor.

The efficacy of cancer immunotherapy relies on the sufficient functional immune cells recruited. Here this group designs an abemaciclib-loaded supramolecular peptide hydrogel achieving sustained release after intratumoral injection to effectively induce cancer cell death and increase IL-2 secretion, thereby exerting immunotherapy for triple-negative breast cancer.

Cross-ancestry genome-wide association studies of 3,414 brain imaging phenotypes in Chinese Han and white British participants identify autosomal and X-chromosomal associations in more diverse populations.

Assessing protein localization within lipid membranes is problematic. Here, the authors describe a single molecule visualization method based on surface-induced fluorescence attenuation (SIFA) to determine the insertion depth and lateral diffusion of a peptide in a lipid bilayer.

Manipulating the carbon-carbon coupling pathway in CO₂ electroreduction is vital yet challenging. Here, by studying two model copper-based catalysts with distinct ethylene and ethanol selectivity, authors investigate the mechanistic origins for symmetric and asymmetric carbon-carbon coupling.

Duan, Hu, Han, Lei, Wang et al. report that ADSL-mediated production of fumarate suppresses STING activation and impairs T cell and NK cell infiltration, thereby facilitating immune evasion in breast cancer.

Protein kinase R-like endoplasmic reticulum kinase-phosphorylated adenylosuccinate lyase (ADSL) binds to Beclin1 upon lipid deprivation. ADSL-produced fumarate increases Beclin1 K117 dimethylation by inhibiting lysine demethylase 8 activity, resulting in disrupted binding of BCL-2 to Beclin1, enhanced autophagy and liver tumor growth.

Working memory is constructive in nature. In three electroencephalography/magnetoencephalography studies, Fan et al. provide converging behavioural and neural evidence that a one-dimensional syllable sequence is automatically reorganized into a two-dimensional representation in working memory, which reflects the hierarchical organization of language.

In this Review, the authors provide a comprehensive overview of the epidemiological characteristics, prognosis, biological mechanisms, detection methods and treatment options for liver metastasis in prostate cancer. Guidance for future research directions in the field is also provided.

Low-frequency quasiperiodic oscillations in X-ray data are thought to trace the accretion flow in X-ray binaries. Here, the detection of 200 keV oscillations probes the innermost regions of MAXI J1820+070, revealing the precession of a small-scale jet.

A point mutation in the phosphoribosylpyrophosphate synthetase gene is found to rewire C1 metabolism and thereby enhance colonization capabilities and growth-promoting effects in plants. The effect of this mutation is prevalent across Methylobacterium strains.

In a large prospective cohort of 1,090 pregnant women with a high risk of fetal genetic diseases, a cell-free DNA screening identified cases of aneuploidies, microdeletions and monogenic variants with high accuracy in concordance to standard diagnostic tests

Tao et al. show that epidermal growth factor receptor and insulin-like growth factor 1 receptor activation enhances thymidine kinase 1 expression through ERK phosphorylation and deubiquitylation mediated by ubiquitin carboxyl-terminal hydrolase 9X, thus enhancing enzyme activity-dependent DNA synthesis and enzyme activity-independent glycolysis.

How cortical interneurons gain regional specification remains elusive. Here authors recruit 685,692 interneurons from the developing telencephalons of humans and macaques to characterize the shared and distinct molecular programs regulating the cortical arealization of primate interneurons.

The plastid-encoded RNA polymerase serves as the principal transcription machinery within chloroplasts. Here, the authors present the cryo-electron microscopy structure of a 19-subunit plastid-encoded RNA polymerase complex derived from spinach.

Candida albicans Cdr1 pumps azole antifungal drugs out of the cell, driving drug resistance. Here, the authors determine the mechanism of Cdr1-mediated fluconazole resistance and milbemycin oxime inhibition, providing a foundation for future drug discovery efforts.

The regulatory mechanism and function of astrocytic epigenetic effects on depression remain to be explored. Here, the authors show astrocytic ALKBH5 contributes to depressive-like behaviors via the m6A RNA methylation of GLT-1.