Review Articles

This Review discusses the different subtypes of non-clear cell renal cell carcinoma in terms of molecular, genetic and clinicopathological characteristics as well as response to therapy. The authors highlight challenges associated with the rarity and heterogeneity of this subset of tumours and how investing in future research to find reliable biomarkers will be essential to improve patient outcomes.

This Review discusses the association between semen parameters and men’s overall health, describing how these parameters can be influenced by lifestyle and environmental changes. Semen analysis is also presented as a potential tool to motivate men to undertake lifestyle changes to improve their reproductive and overall health.

In this Review, the authors discuss current immunotherapy, targeted therapy and gene therapy and propose a synergistic model of combination therapy for prostate cancer, which could enhance the effectiveness of these treatments.

Endocrine-disrupting chemicals can interfere with the normal function of the endocrine system leading to adverse health effects in humans. In this Review, the authors discuss how exposure to these chemicals might be major risk factors for prostate cancer, and they consider the various sources of endocrine-disrupting chemicals and their different modes of action.

Here, the authors describe current understanding of the pathophysiology of interstitial cystitis/bladder pain syndrome and potential clinical phenotyping based on clinical examinations. They propose a rational algorithm for concomitant multimodal therapy that could help physicians to select appropriate multimodal treatment strategies.

Testosterone replacement therapy is commonly used to treat symptomatic, laboratory-proven testosterone deficiency, but can have detrimental effects on spermatogenesis, which is troublesome in men of reproductive age. This Review describes therapeutic options for testosterone deficiency in the reproductive-aged males, discussing medical therapies with the potential to preserve or restore spermatogenesis in selected patients receiving testosterone replacement therapy.

In this Review, the authors provide an overview of circulating tumour DNA and circulating tumour cells as potential biomarkers to provide therapeutic guidance and optimize disease surveillance in bladder cancer. Challenges associated with these biomarkers and future perspectives for clinical implementation are also discussed.

This Review provides an overview of the main targetable surface proteins in prostate cancer, defined as the surfaceome, discussing the mechanisms of action and efficacy of currently available drugs targeting surface proteins, as well as future perspectives of integrating these treatments into prostate-cancer management.

In this Review, the authors present the development, structure and microenvironment, and defence mechanisms of the bladder, which together create a blueprint that can be used to optimize current models or create new approaches.

This Review discusses the mechanisms and origins of cardiovascular risks associated with prostate cancer therapies, mainly focusing on differences between gonadotropin-releasing hormone agonists and antagonists. Cardiovascular risks associated with all other available prostate cancer treatments are also discussed.

In this Review, the authors describe the intricate interplay of chemo-radio-immuno-sensitization in advanced penile squamous cell carcinoma with human papillomavirus (HPV) co-infections. By drawing parallels with other HPV-driven tumours, they provide arguments for the development of effective therapeutic strategies tailored to the unique characteristics of advanced penile squamous cell carcinoma with HPV co-infection.

In this Review, the authors provide a comprehensive historical overview of the advancements in the understanding of biology and genetics of paediatric renal non-Wilms tumours, and discuss how this information can be used to develop new targeted therapies for these rare cancers.

Anterior prostate cancers, a group of impalpable neoplasms located in regions anterior to the urethra, are typically undersampled using conventional biopsy schemes, leading to a low detection rate and a high rate of false negatives. In this Review, the authors discuss the optimal diagnostic approaches to anterior prostate cancers and consider management and outcomes for patients with this form of prostate cancer.

Here, the authors describe the links between planetary health, climate change and urological disease, as well as some of the challenges and potential strategies for urological care providers in the era of anthropogenic climate change.

In this Review, the authors present an overview of epigenetic alterations implicated in prostate cancer pathophysiology, focusing on epigenetic diagnostic and prognostic biomarkers. Development and potential for future clinical implementation of epidrugs targeting epigenetic modifications for prostate cancer treatment are also discussed.

This Review evaluates the contemporary evidence on the physiology of pain after percutaneous nephrolithotomy and provides evidence-based recommendations to optimize pain control and patient experience, including surgical, pharmacological and psychosocial considerations.

In this Review, the authors summarize the most important findings made using spatial transcriptomics in clear-cell renal cell carcinoma samples from patients.

In this Review, the functional and molecular consequences of pathological hypoxia on male germ cells and fertility are explored, including potential influences on embryo development and transgenerational effects on offspring health.

Neuromodulation has been used in the treatment of overactive bladder for almost 40 years. Several studies have confirmed its clinical effect. In this Review, existing evidence related to the mechanism of action of neuromodulation is synthesized.

The circadian rhythm has a crucial role in regulating nocturia. In this Review, the authors discuss how the brain–kidney–bladder circadian axis can lead to nocturia, prompted by the rationale that understanding these disruptions can lead to developing effective treatments targeting circadian rhythms.